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Bioderived thermosetting polymers and their nanocomposites: current trends and future outlook

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Abstract

The overwhelming need for thermosetting polymers in high-end products is well-recognized in the literature. The overdependence of thermosetting polymers on the petroleum resources for their synthesis is a matter of environmental concern. Considerable efforts have been put forward by the research community for making partially or completely bio-based thermosetting polymers  for various applications in accordance with sustainable development goals. One of the sustainable strategies is to maximize the utilization of naturally available sources to improve materials’ properties. The use of biomass for the synthesis of thermosets not only improves performance and reduces costs but also reduces pollution and negative impact on the environment. Herein, a systematic overview of the current advancements on bio-based thermosetting polymers such as epoxy resins, polyurethanes, and phenol–formaldehyde resins has been presented. Various bioresources for the development of the monomers and crosslinking agents for these popular thermosetting polymers have been discussed. The properties of the bio-based thermosetting resins from various sources are compared with the conventional resins. Finally, the future outlook of such promising bio-based thermosets is prospected, which would satisfy the need for a sustainable society.

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Funding

Financial support is provided by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), India, through Innovation of Science Pursuit for Inspire Research Programme (INSPIRE-IF190284), and Defence Research and Development Organisation, India (DRDO)-Naval Research Board (NRB), NRB-429/MAT/18–19.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India

    Jesiya Susan George & Sabu Thomas

  2. School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China

    Arya Uthaman & Hiran Mayookh Lal

  3. Department of Chemistry, TKM College of Engineering, Karicode, Kollam, Kerala, India

    Arunima Reghunadhan

  4. School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India

    Sabu Thomas

  5. Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa

    Sabu Thomas

  6. Department of Chemistry, Sree Narayana College for Women (Affiliated to University of Kerala), Kollam, 691001, Kerala, India

    Poornima Vijayan P

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  1. Jesiya Susan George
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  2. Arya Uthaman
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  3. Arunima Reghunadhan
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  4. Hiran Mayookh Lal
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  5. Sabu Thomas
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  6. Poornima Vijayan P
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Correspondence to Poornima Vijayan P.

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Susan George, J., Uthaman, A., Reghunadhan, A. et al. Bioderived thermosetting polymers and their nanocomposites: current trends and future outlook. emergent mater. 5, 3–27 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-022-00362-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-022-00362-2

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