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Effect of heat treatment on microstructural evolution, mechanical properties and tribological properties of H13 steel prepared using selective laser melting

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Abstract

H13 tool steel was successfully prepared by selective laser melting (SLM) technology. The effects of heat treatment on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and tribological properties of SLMed H13 steel were investigated. The heat treatment process involved a solution treatment and a double aging treatment of the deposited H13 tool steel prepared by SLM. The aim is to optimize the microstructure and mechanical properties of SLMed H13 steel. Due to the rapid heating and cooling effects of SLM, carbide precipitation in the deposited H13 steel was not uniform and residual stresses were present. The purpose of the solution treatment is to dissolve the solution at a high temperature to eliminate the residual stresses and defects introduced by the SLM-forming structure. The solution treatment and first aging treatment produced the precipitation of small carbides at the grain boundaries and inside the crystals, which increased the hardness of SLMed H13 steel. The hardness increased from 538 ± 4.0 HV of the as-deposited sample to 548 ± 5.8 HV of samples after the first aging treatment. Accordingly, the ultimate tensile strength and the elongation at break decreased from 1882 MPa and 11.5% in the as-deposited sample to 1697 MPa and 7.9% in those after the first aging treatment, respectively. Furthermore, the friction coefficient and wear rate in the as-deposited sample decreased from 0.5160 and 2.36 × 10–6 mm−3 N−1 m−1 to 0.4244 and 1.04 × 10–6 mm−3 N−1 m−1, respectively. However, the distribution of carbides inside the crystals was not uniform. The second aging treatment adjusted the morphology of carbide precipitation and made it more uniform, but the precipitation of carbides grew and settled at the bottom of the grain boundaries. The hardness decreased to 533 ± 6.7 HV compared with that with the first aging treatment, but the ultimate tensile strength and plasticity reached a balance (1807 MPa, 14.05%). Accordingly, the friction coefficient and wear rate also showed a stable and decreasing trend (0.4407, 0.98 × 10–6 mm−3 N−1 m−1).

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52104341), Key Technologies Research and Development Program (Grant Nos. 2021YFB3701902 and 2021YFB3701903), Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province (Grant Nos. 2022JM-259 and 2022JQ-367), and Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China (Grant No. 2021M702554).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, 710055, Shaanxi, China

    Li-xiong Han, Yan Wang, Shi-feng Liu, Zhao-hui Zhang, Wei Liu & Ying-kang Wei

  2. Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China

    Xin Yang

  3. China Iron and Steel Research Institute Group Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100081, China

    Dang-shen Ma & Jian Zhou

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  1. Li-xiong Han
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Correspondence to Shi-feng Liu.

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Han, Lx., Wang, Y., Liu, Sf. et al. Effect of heat treatment on microstructural evolution, mechanical properties and tribological properties of H13 steel prepared using selective laser melting. J. Iron Steel Res. Int. 31, 1246–1259 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-023-01065-6

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