Abstract
Temperature uniformity of lithium-ion batteries and maintaining the temperature within the range for efficient operation are addressed. First, Liquid cold plates are placed on the sides of a prismatic battery, and fins made of aluminum alloy or graphite sheets are applied between battery cells to improve the heat transfer performance. Then a simulation model is built with 70 battery cells and 6 liquid cold plates, and the performance is analyzed according to the flow rate, liquid temperature, and discharge rate. Finally, the results show that temperature differences are mainly caused by the liquid cold plates. The fin surface determines the equivalent thermal conductivity of the battery. The graphite sheets have heterogeneous thermal conductivity, which help improve temperature uniformity and reduce the temperature gradient. With lower density than the aluminum alloy, they offer a lower gravimetric power density for the same heat transfer capacity. In addition to the equivalent thermal conductivity, the temperature difference between the cooling liquid and battery surface is an important parameter for temperature uniformity. Optimizing the fin thickness is found to be an effective way to reduce the temperature difference between the liquid and battery during cooling and improve the temperature uniformity.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Wang, Q., Jiang, B., Li, B., Yan, Y.: A critical review of thermal management models and solutions of lithium-ion batteries for the development of pure electric vehicles. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 64, 106–128 (2016)
Andersen, P.H., Mathews, J.A., Rask, M.: Integrating private transport into renewable energy policy: the strategy of creating intelligent recharging grids for electric vehicles. Energy Policy 37, 2481–2486 (2009)
Pesaran, A.A.: Battery thermal models for hybrid vehicle simulations. J. Power Sour 110, 377–382 (2002)
Deng, Y., Feng, C., Jiaqiang, E., Zhu, H., Chen, J., Wen, M., Yin, H.: Effects of different coolants and cooling strategies on the cooling performance of the power lithium ion battery system: a review. Appl. Therm. Eng. 142, 10–29 (2018)
He, F., Wang, H., Ma, L.: Experimental demonstration of active thermal control of a battery module consisting of multiple Li-ion cells. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 91, 630–639 (2015)
He, F., Ma, L.: Thermal management of batteries employing active temperature control and reciprocating cooling flow. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 83, 164–172 (2015)
Zhang, X., Kong, X., Li, G., Li, J.: Thermodynamic assessment of active cooling/heating methods for lithium-ion batteries of electric vehicles in extreme conditions. Energy 64, 1092–1101 (2014)
Pan, D., Xu, S., Lin, C., Chang, G.: Thermal management of power batteries for electric vehicles using phase change materials: a review. SAE Technical Paper (2016)
Al Hallaj, S., Selman, J.: A novel thermal management system for electric vehicle batteries using phase-change material. J. Electrochem. Soc. 147, 3231–3236 (2000)
Ling, Z., Wang, F., Fang, X., Gao, X., Zhang, Z.: A hybrid thermal management system for lithium ion batteries combining phase change materials with forced-air cooling. Appl. Energy 148, 403–409 (2015)
Lv, Y., Yang, X.: Experimental study on a novel battery thermal management technology based on low density polyethylene-enhanced composite phase change materials coupled with low fins. Appl. Energy 178, 376–382 (2016)
Wang, Q., Jiang, B., Xue, Q., Sun, H., Li, B., Zou, H., Yan, Y.: Experimental investigation on EV battery cooling and heating by heat pipes. Appl. Therm. Eng. 88, 54–60 (2015)
Bai, F., Chen, M., Song, W., Feng, Z., Li, Y., Ding, Y.: Thermal management performances of PCM/water cooling-plate using for lithium-ion battery module based on non-uniform internal heat source. Appl. Therm. Eng. 126, 17–27 (2017)
Liang, J., Gan, Y., Li, Y.: Investigation on the thermal performance of a battery thermal management system using heat pipe under different ambient temperatures. Energy Convers. Manage. 155, 1–9 (2018)
Wang, S., Li, Y., Li, Y.Z., Mao, Y., Zhang, Y., Guo, W., Zhong, M.: A forced gas cooling circle packaging with liquid cooling plate for the thermal management of Li-ion batteries under space environment. Appl. Therm. Eng. 123, 929–939 (2017)
Liu, R., Chen, J., Xun, J., Jiao, K., Du, Q.: Numerical investigation of thermal behaviors in lithium-ion battery stack discharge. Appl. Energy 132, 288–297 (2014)
Zhang, T., Gao, C.: Status and development of electric vehicle integrated thermal management from BTM to HVAC. Appl. Therm. Eng. 88, 398–409 (2015)
Mondal, B., Lopez, C.F., Mukherjee, P.P.: Exploring the efficacy of nanofluids for lithium-ion battery thermal management. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 112, 779–794 (2017)
Al-Zareer, M., Dincer, I., Rosen, M.A.: Heat and mass transfer modeling and assessment of a new battery cooling system. Int. J. Heat Mass Trans. 126, 765–778 (2018)
Pesaran, A.A.: Battery thermal management in EV and HEVs: issues and solutions. Battery Man. 43, 34–49 (2001)
Zhao, C.: Thermal behavior study of discharging/charging cylindrical lithium-ion battery module cooled by channeled liquid flow. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 120, 751–762 (2018)
Basu, S., Hariharan, K.S., Kolake, S.M., Song, T., Sohn, D.K., Yeo, T.: Coupled electrochemical thermal modelling of a novel Li-ion battery pack thermal management system. Appl. Energy 181, 1–13 (2016)
Rao, Z.: Thermal performance of liquid cooling based thermal management system for cylindrical lithium-ion battery module with variable contact surface. Appl. Therm. Eng. 123, 1514–1522 (2017)
Lan, C.: Thermal management for high power lithium-ion battery by minichannel aluminum tubes. Appl. Therm. Eng. 101, 284–292 (2016)
Xu, J.: Prevent thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries with minichannel cooling. Appl. Therm. Eng. 110, 883–890 (2017)
Jiaqiang, E., Han, D.D.: Orthogonal experimental design of liquid-cooling structure on the cooling effect of a liquid-cooled battery thermal management system. Appl. Therm. Eng. 132, 508–520 (2018)
Hirano, H., Tajima, T.: Boiling liquid battery cooling for electric vehicle. In: 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific), pp. 1–4
Yen, E., Chen, K., Han, T., Khalighi, B.: Application of CAEBAT full field approach for a liquid-cooled automotive battery pack. SAE Technical Paper (2016)
Payne, J., Niedzwiecki, M., Ketkar, S., et al.: Thermal characterization & management of PHEV battery packs. SAE Technical Paper (2009)
Kurnia, J.C.: Numerical investigation of laminar heat transfer performance of various cooling channel designs. Appl. Therm. Eng. 31, 1293–1304 (2011)
Rao, Z.: Investigation of power battery thermal management by using mini-channel cold plate. Energy Convers. Manage. 89, 387–395 (2015)
Rahman, M.M., Rahman, H.Y., Mahlia, T.M., et al.: Liquid cooled plate heat exchanger for battery cooling of an electric vehicle (EV). IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 32, 012053 (2016)
Yeow, K., Teng, H.: Thermal analysis of a Li-ion battery system with indirect liquid cooling using finite element analysis approach. SAE Int. J. Altern. Powertrains 1, 65–78 (2012)
Gepp, M., Filimon, R.: Advanced thermal management for temperature homogenization in high-power lithium-ion battery systems based on prismatic cells. In: 2015 IEEE 24th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), pp. 1230–1235. IEEE (2015)
Park, C., Jaura, A.K.: Dynamic thermal model of li-ion battery for predictive behavior in hybrid and fuel cell vehicles. SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-2286
Acknowledgements
The work is supported by Double Ten “Science & Technology Innovation Project of Jilin Province of China” NO.17SS022. The work is also supported by the China Scholarship Council (CSC) for the first author’s scholarship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
On behalf of all the authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, G., Gao, Q., Yan, Y. et al. Thermal Management Optimization of a Lithium-Ion Battery Module with Graphite Sheet Fins and Liquid Cold Plates. Automot. Innov. 3, 336–346 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42154-020-00121-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42154-020-00121-1