Table 4 Summary of WMMs and other types of materials for solar-driven desalination
From: Wood-based monolithic materials: recent progress in sustainable water treatment technologies
Evaporators | Evaporation rate (kg·m− 2·h− 1, under 1 sun illumination) | Evaporation efficiency (%) | Salt accumulation | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Ni-dithiooxamidato-modified Balsa | 2.75 | 82 | Salt crystals gradually disappear within 1 h in the dark due to redissolution into bulk brine. | [180] |
Polypyrrole-coated delignified wood | 2.43 (3.5 wt% saline solution); 1.52 (20 wt% saline solution) | 96 | Salt managed by self-rotating mechanism | [181] |
Carbonized balsawood | 2.13 | 90.56 | / | [182] |
Carbonized pinewood | 1.979 | 90.42 | / | [182] |
Janus wood evaporator | >1.20 | 82.0 | Hydrophobic absorber provides water blockage and salt resistance | [183] |
Picosecond laser-processed wood | 3.58 | 92.85 | Surface salt crystals dissolve after 5 min without illumination | [184] |
Polypyrrole-modified delignified wood | 2.03 | 92.4 | Salt crystals formed during evaporation rapidly redissolve into NaCl solution | [185] |
RGO/CuO/Cu2O NPs/balsa wood | 2.10 | 83.39 | Precipitated salt completely resolubilizes within 20 min after light is turned off | [186] |
Carbon nanotubes/MnO2/balsa wood | 2.74 | 97.8 | Salt crystals dissolve back into bulk water within 2 h post-illumination | [187] |
Lignin/wood | 1.93 | 91.74 | [188] | |
CNTs/polyol/borax hydrogel-coated balsa wood | 3.02 | 119.35 | Hydrogel macropores + wood capillaries promote ion diffusion and salt reflux | [189] |
Photo-electro-thermal textile | 5.57 (pure water); 4.89 (3.5 wt% brine) | / | Porous fibrous core–sheath network facilitates ion migration and continuous salt rejection | [190] |
Multi-shelled hollow porous carbon nanospheres | 2.4 (natural seawater) | / | Multilayer pores facilitate water transport and ion diffusion, suppressing salt accumulation | [191] |
Nanoclay Hybridized Graphene Aerogels | 2.13 (natural seawater) | / | / | [192] |