Abstract
This review compiles scientific studies on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in Indian waters (coastal and estuarine). Higher surface pCO2 level varying within 111–1808 µatm has been reported on the east coast of India (western Bay of Bengal) in comparison to the west coast (eastern Arabian Sea) with variability within 266–685 µatm. The estuarine ecosystems of Indian coast have been reported with higher surface pCO2 levels along the east coast (4–34,026 µatm) in comparison to the west coast (351–20,421 µatm). Indian estuaries can be considered as significant source of carbon dioxide (CO2). The seasonal variability pattern discerned higher magnitudes of pCO2 during monsoon period in comparison to pre-monsoon. This review summarizes the key findings of available literature and identifies spatio-temporally understudied pockets of the Indian coast on carbonate chemistry research.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akhand, A., Chanda, A., Dutta, S., & Hazra, S. (2012). Air—water carbon dioxide exchange dynamics along the outer estuarine transition zone of Sundarban, northern Bay of Bengal, Indian. Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences,41(2), 111–116.
Akhand, A., Chanda, A., Dutta, S., Manna, S., Hazra, S., Mitra, D., et al. (2013a). Characterizing air–sea CO2 exchange dynamics during winter in the coastal water off the Hugli-Matla estuarine system in the northern Bay of Bengal, India. Journal of Oceanography,69, 687–697.
Akhand, A., Chanda, A., Dutta, S., Manna, S., Sanyal, P., Hazra, S., et al. (2013b). Dual character of Sundarban estuary as a source and sink of CO2 during summer: An investigation of spatial dynamics. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,185, 6505–6515.
Akhand, A., Chanda, A., Manna, S., Das, S., Hazra, S., Roy, R., et al. (2016). A comparison of CO2 dynamics and air-water fluxes in a river-dominated estuary and a mangrove-dominated marine estuary. Geophysical Research Letters,43(22), 11726–11735.
Bhadury, P. (2015). Effects of ocean acidification on marine invertebrates—a review. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences,44(4), 454–464.
Biswas, H., Mukhopadhyay, S. K., De, T. K., Sen, S., & Jana, T. K. (2004). Biogenic controls on the air-water carbon dioxide exchange in the Sundarban mangrove environment, northeast coast of Bay of Bengal, India. Limnology and Oceanography,49, 95–101.
Borges, A. V., Djenidi, S., Lacroix, G., Theate, J., Delille, B., & Frankignoulle, M. (2003). Atmospheric CO2 flux from mangrove surrounding waters. Geophysical Research Letters,30(11), 1558.
Bouillon, S., Frankignoulle, M., Dehairs, F., Velimirov, B., Eiler, A., Abril, G., et al. (2003). Inorganic and organic carbon biogeochemistry in the Gautami Godavari estuary (Andhra Pradesh, India) during pre-monsoon: The local impact of extensive mangrove forests. Global Biogeochemical Cycles,17(4), 1114.
Caldeira, K., & Wickett, M. E. (2003). Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH. Nature,425, 365.
Doney, S.C., Fabry, V.J., Feely, R.A., & Kleypas, J.A. (2009). Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2 Problem. Annual Review of Marine Science, 1, 169–192.
Dupont, S., & Portner, H. (2013). A snapshot of ocean acidification research. Marine Biology,160, 1765–1771.
Engel, A., Zondervan, I., Aerts, K., Beaufort, L., Benthien, A., Chou, L., et al. (2005). Testing the direct effect of CO2 concentration on a bloom of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi in a mesocosm experiment. Limnology and Oceanography,50, 493–507.
Erez, J., Reynaud, S., Silverman, J., Schneider, K., & Allemand, D. (2011). Coral calcification under ocean acidification and global change. In S. Dubinsky & N. Stambler (Eds.), Coral reefs: an ecosystem in transition (pp. 151–176). New York: Springer.
Feely, R. A., Doney, S. C., & Cooley, S. R. (2009). Ocean acidification: present conditions and future changes in a high-CO2 world. Oceanogrphy,22(4), 36–47.
Ganguly, D., Dey, M., Chowdhury, C., Pattnaik, A. A., Sahu, B. K., & Jana, T. K. (2011). Coupled micrometeorological and biological processes on atmospheric CO2 concentrations at the land–ocean boundary, NE coast of India. Atmospheric Environment,45, 3903–3910.
Gattuso, J. P., & Hansson, L. (2011). Ocean Acidification. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
George, M. D., Kumar, M. D., Naqvi, S. W. A., Banerjee, S., Narvekar, P. V., De Sousa, S. N., et al. (1994). A study of the carbon dioxide system in the northern Indian Ocean during premonsoon. Marine Chemistry,47, 243–254.
Gupta, G. V. M., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Robin, R. S., Raman, A. V., Kumar, M. J., Rakesh, M., et al. (2008). Influence of net ecosystem metabolism in transferring riverine organic carbon to atmospheric CO2 in a tropical coastal lagoon (Chilika Lake, India). Biogeochemistry,87(3), 265–285.
Gupta, G. V. M., Thottathil, S. D., Balachandran, K. K., Madhu, N. V., Madeswaran, P., & Nair, S. (2009). CO2 Supersaturation and net heterotrophy in a tropical estuary (Cochin, India): influence of anthropogenic effect. Ecosystems,12, 1145–1157.
Havenhand, J. N. (2012). How will Ocean acidification affect Baltic Sea Ecosystems? An assessment of Plausible impacts on key functional groups. Ambio,41, 637–644.
Hughes, T. P., Baird, A. H., Bellwood, D. R., Card, M., Connolly, S. R., Folke, C., et al. (2003). Climate change, human impacts and the resilience of coral reefs. Science,301, 929–933.
Kanuri, V. V., Gijjapu, D. R., Munnooru, K., Sura, A., Patra, S., Vinjamuri, R. R., et al. (2017). Scales and drivers of seasonal pCO2 dynamics and net ecosystem exchange along the coastal waters of southeastern Arabian Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin,121(1–2), 372–380.
Kuhns, R. J., & Shaw, G. H. (2018). The Carbon dioxide problem and Solution. In R. J. Kuhns & G. H. Shaw (Eds.), Navigating the energy Maze (pp. 99–115). Switzerland: Springer.
Kumar, M. D., Naqvi, S. W. A., George, M. D., & Jayakumar, D. A. (1996). A sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in the northeast Indian Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research,101(C8), 18121–18125.
Kumar, S. P., & Prasad, T. G. (1996). Winter cooling in the northern Arabian sea. Current Science,71(11), 834–841.
Kurihara, H. (2008). Effects of CO2-driven ocean acidification on the early developmental stages of invertebrates. Marine Ecology Progress Series,373, 275–284.
Latha, T. P., Rao, K. H., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Seetaram, P., Choudhury, S. B., Nagamani, P. V., et al. (2015). Estimation of Air–Sea CO2 Flux in the Coastal Waters of Visakhapatnam. Journal of Indian Society of Remote Sensing,43(3), 647–652.
Madhupratap, M., Gauns, M., Ramaiah, N., Kumar, S. P., Muraleedharan, P. M., De Sousa, S. N., et al. (2003). Biogeochemistry of the Bay of Bengal: physical, chemical and primary productivity characteristics of the central and western Bay of Bengal during summer monsoon 2001. Deep Sea Research Part II,50, 881–896.
Mostofa, K. M., Liu, C. Q., Zhai, W., Minella, M., Vione, D. V., Gao, K., et al. (2016). Reviews and Syntheses: Ocean acidification and its potential impacts on marine ecosystems. Biogeosciences,13, 1767–1786.
Muduli, P. R., Kanuri, V. V., Robin, R. S., Charan Kumar, B., Patra, S., Raman, A. V., et al. (2012). Spatio-temporal variation of CO2 emission from Chilika Lake, a tropical coastal lagoon, on the east coast of India. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,113, 305–313.
Mukhopadhyay, S. K., Biswas, H., De, T. K., Senb, S., & Jana, T. K. (2002). Seasonal effects on the air–water carbon dioxide exchange in the Hooghly estuary, NE coast of Bay of Bengal, India. Journal of Environmental Monitoring,4, 549–552.
Padhy, P. C., Nayak, R. K., Dadhwal, V. K., Salim, M., Mitra, D., Chaudhury, S. B., et al. (2016). Estimation of Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide and Air–Sea Fluxes in Hooghly Estuary Based on In Situ and Satellite Observations. Journal of Indian Society of Remote Sensing,44(1), 135–143.
Pattanaik, S., Sahoo, R. K., Satapathy, D. R., Panda, C. R., & Choudhury, S. B. (2016). Variation in Carbonate System and Air-Water CO2 Flux during Summer in the Mahanadi Estuary, India. International Journal of Advances in Agricultural & Environmental Engineering,3(2), 1523–1531.
Pattanaik, S., Sahoo, R. K., Satapathy, D. R., Panda, C. R., Choudhury, S. B., & Mohapatra, P. K. (2017). Intra-annual variability of CO2 flux in the Mahanadi estuary—a tropical estuarine system, India. Annals of Marine Science,1(1), 005–012.
Qasim, S. Z. (2003). Indian estuaries (p. 259). Ballard Estate: Allied Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Qasim, S. Z. (2010). Role of Estuaries in sustainability of coastal environment. Journal of Coastal Environment,1(2), 105–114.
Rhein, M., Rintoul, S. R., Aoki, S., Campos, E., Chambers, D., Feely, R. A., et al. (2013). Observations: Ocean. In T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, G. K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, & P. M. Midgley (Eds.), Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (pp. 255–315). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Robin, R. S., Kanuri, V. V., Muduli, P. R., Ganguly, D., Patra, S., Hariharan, G., et al. (2016). CO2 saturation and trophic shift induced by microbial metabolic processes in a river-dominated ocean margin (tropical shallow lagoon, Chilika, India). Geomicrobiology Journal,33(6), 513–529.
Royal Society. (2005). Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (p. 57). London: The Royal Society.
Sarma, V. V. S. S., Krishna, M. S., Paul, Y. S., & Murty, V. S. N. (2015a). Observed changes in ocean acidity and carbon dioxide exchange in the coastal Bay of Bengal a link to air pollution. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology,67, 24638.
Sarma, V. V. S. S., Krishna, M. S., Rao, V. D., Viswanadham, R., Kumar, N. A., Kumari, T. R., et al. (2012a). Sources and sinks of CO2 in the west coast of Bay of Bengal. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology,64, 10961.
Sarma, V. V. S. S., Kumar, M. D., Gauns, M., & Madhupratap, M. (2000). Seasonal controls on surface pCO2 in the central and eastern Arabian Sea. Journal of Earth System Science,109(4), 471–479.
Sarma, V. V. S. S., Kumar, M. D., & George, M. D. (1998). The central and eastern Arabian Sea as a perennial source of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology,50(2), 179–184.
Sarma, V. V. S. S., Kumar, M. D., George, M. D., & Rajendran, A. (1996). Seasonal variations in inorganic carbon components in the central and eastern Arabian Sea. Current Science,71(11), 852–856.
Sarma, V. V. S. S., Kumar, M. D., & Manerikar, M. (2001). Emission of carbon dioxide from a tropical estuarine system, Goa. India. Geophysical Research Letters,28(7), 1239–1242.
Sarma, V. V. S. S., Kumar, N. A., Prasad, V. R., Venkataramana, V., Appalanaidu, S., Sridevi, B., et al. (2011). High CO2 emissions from the tropical Godavari estuary (India) associated with monsoon river discharges. Geophysical Research Letters,38, L08601.
Sarma, V. V. S. S., Paul, Y. S., Vani, D. G., & Murty, V. S. N. (2015b). Impact of river discharge on the coastal water pH and pCO2 levels during the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) years in the western Bay of Bengal. Continental Shelf Research,107, 132–140.
Sarma, V. V. S. S., Swathi, P. S., Kumar, M. D., Prasannakumar, S., Bhattathiri, P. M. A., Madhupratap, M., et al. (2003). Carbon budget in the eastern and central Arabian Sea: An Indian JGOFS synthesis. Global Biogeochemical Cycles,17(4), 1102.
Sarma, V. V. S. S., Viswanadham, R., Rao, G. D., Prasad, V. R., Kumar, B. S. K., Naidu, S. A., et al. (2012b). Carbon dioxide emissions from Indian monsoonal estuaries. Geophysical Research Letters,39, L03602.
Varkey, M. J., Murty, V. S. N., & Suryanarayana, A. (1996). Physical oceanography of the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea Oceanography and marine biology. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review,34, 1–70.
Venkateswaran, S. V. (1956). On evaporation from the Indian ocean. Indian Journal Meteorology and Geophysics,7, 265–284.
Wiggert, J. D., Hood, R. R., Naqvi, S. W. A., Brink, K. H., & Smith, S. L. (2013). Indian Ocean biogeochemical processes and ecological variability. Geophysical Monograph Series: American Geophysical Union.
World Bank (2019) India - Enhancing coastal and ocean resource efficiency project: Environmental Assessment (Vol. 2): Guidance Manual (English), India. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/362471564723196017/Guidance-Manual.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Director, Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad for the encouragement. The first author extends thanks to DST-SERB (Govt. of India) for awarding National Post Doctoral Fellowship (award no. PDF/2016/002087). The work is an outcome of "Coastal Monitoring" program of INCOIS and bears the institute contribution no. 357.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Srichandan, S., Prakash, S., Baliarsingh, S.K. et al. A review on variability of partial pressure of carbon dioxide in coastal waters of India. Int J Energ Water Res 3, 351–360 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-019-00041-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-019-00041-9