Abstract
A ‘castellated steel beam (CSB)’ is type of beam possessing holes in the web. The existence of such holes in the web of CSB makes the structures light in weight, cost-effective and contributes in reducing the consumption of material. As the web of CSBs consists of openings, it gets subjected to stress concentrations and web post-buckling failure at opening edges. In order to prevent this kind of failure stiffeners can be used in the web portion of CSBs becomes essential. The stiffeners contribute in strengthening the CSB with reduction in deflection and increment in load carrying capacity (LCC). This paper focuses on analysis of CSB having ‘hexagonal and diamond’ openings without and with transverse ‘carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) stiffeners’ of varying thicknesses (viz., 1.4 mm, 2.8 mm, and 4.2 mm) using Abaqus software based on finite element. Analysis is performed considering ‘two-point’ loading till the CSB fails showing the deflection more than its maximum permissible limit. Results indicate that the ultimate load carrying capacity (ULCC) of CSB consisting diamond openings with CFRP stiffeners of different thicknesses increases by a mean value of 17.77% while deflection reduces by a mean value of 5.66% when compared over the CSB consisting hexagonal openings. The software results get validated with results of experimentation. Study concludes that using CFRP stiffeners in CSB significantly increases its ULCC and reduces deflection. Further, the performances of CSB consisting ‘diamond openings’ are superior when compared over CSB consisting ‘hexagonal openings’ provided without and with ‘CFRP stiffeners’.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42107-024-01075-z/MediaObjects/42107_2024_1075_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42107-024-01075-z/MediaObjects/42107_2024_1075_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42107-024-01075-z/MediaObjects/42107_2024_1075_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42107-024-01075-z/MediaObjects/42107_2024_1075_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42107-024-01075-z/MediaObjects/42107_2024_1075_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42107-024-01075-z/MediaObjects/42107_2024_1075_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42107-024-01075-z/MediaObjects/42107_2024_1075_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42107-024-01075-z/MediaObjects/42107_2024_1075_Fig8_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42107-024-01075-z/MediaObjects/42107_2024_1075_Fig9_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42107-024-01075-z/MediaObjects/42107_2024_1075_Fig10_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42107-024-01075-z/MediaObjects/42107_2024_1075_Fig11_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42107-024-01075-z/MediaObjects/42107_2024_1075_Fig12_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42107-024-01075-z/MediaObjects/42107_2024_1075_Fig13_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42107-024-01075-z/MediaObjects/42107_2024_1075_Fig14_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42107-024-01075-z/MediaObjects/42107_2024_1075_Fig15_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42107-024-01075-z/MediaObjects/42107_2024_1075_Fig16_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
References
Al-Thabhawee, H., W., and Mohammed, A. (2019). Experimental study for strengthening octagonal castellated steel beams using circular and octagonal ring stiffeners, International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering Technologies, https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/584/1/012063
Antoniou, S., (2022). Fiber-reinforced polymer, Seismisoft, online publication, https://seismosoft.com/fibre-reinforced-polymers-frps [accessed on 09/04/2024]
Anupriya, B., Jagadeesan, K., (2013). Strength study on castellated beam. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, IJERT 2(12) 3853–3859, https://ww.ijert.org/strength-study-on-castellated-beam
Deshmukh, N., and Kasnale, A., (2019). Parametric study of castellated beam with coupled stiffener. International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology, 5(4), 86–92, https://www.ijariit.om/manuscripts/v5i4/V5I4-1196.pdf
EC3 Euro Code 3. (2005). Design of steel structures part 1–1: general rules for buildings, British standard institution BS EN 1993-1-1, https://www.phd.eng.br/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/en.1993.1.1.2005.pdf
Fares, S, S., Coulson, J., and Dinehart, D., W., (2016). Castellated and cellular beam design, AISC design guide 31, https://www.academia.edu/40465200/31_Steel_Design_Guide_Castellated_and_Cellular_Beam_Design
IS: 1608 (2005). Metallic material; Tensile Testing at ambient temperature, https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S10/is.1608.2005.pdf
Kaveh, A., and Shokohi, F. (2015). Optimum design of castellated beams using colliding bodies optimization algorithm. Steel and Composite Structures, 18(2), 305–324. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2015.18.2.305
Kaveh, A., Almasi, P., and Khodagholi, A. (2023). Optimum design of castellated beams using four recently developed meta-heuristi algorithms. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transcations of Civil Engineering, 47(2), 713–725. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-022-00884-z
Kaveh, A., and Ghafari, M. (2017). Optimum design of castellated beams: Effect of composite action and semi-rigid connections. Scientia Iranica. https://doi.org/10.24200/sci.2017.4195
Kaveh, A., Fakoor, A., (2020). Cost optimization of steel-concrete composite floor system with castellated beams, Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering, 65(2), 353–375, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346445715_Cost_Optimization_of_Steel-concrete_Composite_Floor_System_with_Castellated_Steel_Beams
Kaveh, A., and Shokohi, F. (2016). A hybrid optimization algorithm for the optimal design of laterally-supported castellated beams. Scientia Irania, 23, 508–519. https://doi.org/10.24200/sci.2016.2135
Kumbhar, P., D., and Jamadar, A., M., (2023). Comparative study on load carrying capacities of castellated beams provided with mild steel and CFRP stiffeners, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.03.391
Mali, S., S., and Kumbhar, P., D., (2023) Comparative study on behaviour of castellated beams with diamond and hexagonal shaped openings using CFRP stiffeners, Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 1–14, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372487050_Comparative_study_on_behaviour_of_castellated_beams_with_diamond_and_hexagonal-shaped_openings_using_CFRP_stiffeners
Patil, S. Kumbhar, P. and Kurlapkar, R. (2023). Comparative study on behaviour of castellated beams of different shaped openings provided with mild steel and FRP stiffeners, Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-023-00869-x
Pawar, K., M., and Kumbhar, P., D., (2022). Performance analysis of castellated steel I-Beam using FRP stiffeners, International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology, IJRASET, 10(2) 1134–1142, https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset2022.38596
Thomas, A., and Baskar, K., (2018). Strengthening of thin-walled castellated beams using CFRP, International Journal for Computational Methods in Engineering Science and Mechanics, 19(6), 396–404, https://doi.org/10.1080/15502287.2018.1534153
Yustisia, V., Suswanto, B., Irawan, D., and Iranata, D., (2020). The structural behaviour of castellated beam with shape variation using finite element methods, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering Research (ICCER), https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/930/1/012051
Acknowledgements
The directors of Rajarambapu Institute of Technology (RIT), Rajaramnagar, and the head of the department of civil engineering at RIT encouraged and provided the resources needed to complete this work, for which the authors are grateful.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The study’s conception and design involved input from all authors. SDJ and PDK collected the data, procured the materials, and conducted the analysis. SDJ wrote the manuscript’s initial draft. PDK afterward revised and refined it.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Jadhav, S.D., Kumbhar, P.D. Non-linear behavior of castellated beams consisting hexagonal and diamond openings using CFRP stiffeners. Asian J Civ Eng (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-024-01075-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-024-01075-z