Abstract
Strengthening steel structures through the traditional method of adding extra steel plates is deemed ineffective due to emerging issues, such as an increase in the overall weight of the structure. The steel plates utilized are also prone to corrosion. Strengthening steel structures using carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) is a smart solution, given this material has many outstanding characteristics. This paper presents the results of numerical investigation into the performance of steel beams having circular web openings strengthened using CFRP plates. The number of web openings on steel beam varies among 3, 5, 7, and 9. The length of CFRP plates is also varied, namely 500 mm, 700 mm, 900 mm, 1200 mm, and 1600 mm. It can be confirmed that CFRP has only a small effect on the improvement of elastic stiffness of the beam, i.e., less than 10%. The presence of CFRP reduces displacement ductility for beams with the number of web openings of three and five. However, CFRP can increase displacement ductility for beams with the number of web openings of seven and nine, depending on length of CFRP used. Additionally, CFRP provides a positive contribution to the improvement of bending strength of steel beams, although the value varies according to length of CFRP plate used.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alam, M. I., & Fawzia, S. (2015). Numerical studies on CFRP strengthened steel columns under transverse impact. Composite Structures, 120, 428–441.
Alsayed, S. H., Al-Salloum, Y. A., & Almusallam, T. H. (2000). Fibre-reinforced polymer repair materials—Some facts. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering, 138(3), 131–134.
Deng, J., Jia, Y., & Zheng, H. (2016). Theoretical and experimental study on notched steel beams strengthened with CFRP plate. Composite Structures, 136, 450–459.
Ghaemdoust, M. R., Narmashiri, K., & Yousefi, O. (2016). Structural behaviors of deficient steel SHS short columns strengthened using CFRP. Construction and Building Materials, 126, 1002–1011.
Haedir, J., Bambach, M. R., Zhao, X. L., & Grzebieta, R. H. (2009). Strength of circular hollow sections (CHS) tubular beams externally reinforced by carbon FRP sheets in pure bending. Thin-Walled Structures, 47, 1136–1147.
Hollaway, L. C., & Cadei, J. (2002). Progress in the technique of upgrading metallic structures with advanced polymer composites. Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials, 4(2), 131–148.
Kabir, M. H., Fawzia, S., Chan, T. H. T., Gamage, J. C. P. H., & Bai, J. B. (2016). Engineering Structures, 113, 160–173.
Kadhim, M. M. A., Wu, Z., & Cunningham, L. S. (2019). Experimental and numerical investigation of CFRP-strengthened steel beams under impact load. Journal of Structural Engineering, 145(4), 04019004.
Kamruzzaman, M., Jumaat, M. Z., Sulong, N. H. R., Qeshta, I. M. I., & Narmashiri, K. (2017). Effects of lateral bracing and stiffeners on the CFRP failure of strengthened steel beams. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 210, 012021.
Kaveh, A. (2017). Applications of metaheuristic optimization algorithms in civil engineering. Springer.
Kaveh, A., Almasi, P., & Khodagholi, A. (2023). Optimum design of castellated beams using four recently developed meta-heuristic algorithms. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering, 47, 713–725.
Kaveh, A., & Fakoor, A. (2021). Cost optimization of steel-concrete composite floor systems with castellated steel beams. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering, 65(2), 353–375.
Kaveh, A., & Ghafari, M. N. (2016). Optimum design of steel floor system: Effect of floor division number, deck thickness and castellated beams. Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 59(5), 933–950.
Kaveh, A., & Shokohi, F. (2015). Optimum design of laterally-supported castellated beams using CBO algorithm. Steel and Composite Structures, 18(2), 305–324.
Kumar, A. P., & Senthil, R. (2016). Axial behaviour of CFRP-strengthened circular steel hollow sections. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 41, 3841–3850.
Linghoff, D., Al-Emrani, M., & Kliger, R. (2010). Performance of steel beams strengthened with CFRP laminate—Part 1: Laboratory tests. Composites, Part B: Engineering, 41, 509–515.
Mahmoud, M. A. M. A., Nhut, P. V., & Matsumoto, Y. (2023). Practical investigation on the strengthening of the built-up steel main girder of a metro station with carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer on the inside part of the tensioned flange. Buildings, 13, 1753.
Nakamoto, D., Yoresta, F. S., Matsui, T., Mieda, G., Matsuno, K., & Matsumoto, Y. (2020). Long-term mechanical behavior of CFRP-strengthened steel members for a truss tower. International Journal of High-Rise Buildings, 9(4), 343–349.
Narmashiri, K., Jumaat, M. Z., & Sulong, N. H. R. (2012). Strengthening of steel I-beams using CFRP strips: An investigation on CFRP bond length. Advances in Structural Engineering, 15(12), 2191–2204.
Peiris, A., & Harik, I. (2021). Steel beam strengthening with UHM CFRP strip panels. Engineering Structures, 226, 111395.
Ritchie, A., Fam, A., & MacDougall, C. (2015b). Strengthening long steel columns of S-sections against global buckling around weak axis using CFRP plates of various moduli. Journal of Composites for Construction, 19(4), 04014074.
Ritchie, A., MacDougall, C., & Fam, A. (2015a). Enhancing buckling capacity of slender S-section steel columns around strong axis using bonded carbon fibre plates. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 34(10), 771–781.
Rizkalla, S., Hassan, T., & Hassan, N. (2003). Design recommendations for the use of FRP for reinforcement and strengthening of concrete structures. Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials, 5(1), 16–28.
Shaat, A., & Fam, A. (2006). Axial loading tests on short and long hollow structural steel columns retrofitted using carbon fibre reinforced polymers. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 33(4), 458–470.
Shaat, A., & Fam, A. (2007). Finite element analysis of slender HSS columns strengthened with high modulus composites. Steel and Composite Structures, 7(1), 19–34.
Siwowski, T. W., & Siwowska, P. (2018). Experimental study on CFRP-strengthened steel beams. Composites, Part b: Engineering, 149, 12–21.
Sola, J. I. R., & Antunez, J. F. G. (2023a). Analysis of the design of the single-cylinder steam engine of the grasshopper beam by Henry Muncaster. Machines, 11, 703.
Sola, J. I. R., & Antunez, J. F. G. (2023b). Analysis of the design of Henry Muncaster’s two-cylinder compound vertical steam engine with speed control. Applied Sciences, 13, 9150.
Sun, W., Luo, Y., & Sun, H. (2018). Experimental studies on the elastic properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites prefabricated of unidirectional carbon fiber fabrics and a modified rule of mixtures in the parallel direction. Advanced Composites Letters, 27(1), 34–43.
Yoresta, F. S., Maruta, R., Mieda, G., & Matsumoto, Y. (2020a). Unbonded CFRP strengthening method for buckling control of steel members. Construction and Building Materials, 241, 118050.
Yoresta, F. S., Maruta, R., Mieda, G., & Matsumoto, Y. (2020b). Strengthening of steel member using unbonded CFRP laminates. E3S Web of Conferences, 156, 05025.
Yoresta, F. S., Nhut, P. V., & Matsumoto, Y. (2020c). Finite element analysis of axial compression steel members strengthened with unbonded CFRP laminates. Materials, 13(16), 3540.
Yoresta, F. S., Nhut, P. V., Nakamoto, D., & Matsumoto, Y. (2021). Experimental investigation on the buckling capacity of angle steel strengthened at both legs using VaRTM-processed unbonded CFRP laminates. Polymers, 13(13), 2216.
Yoresta, F. S., Nhut, P. V., Nakamoto, D., & Matsumoto, Y. (2022). Enhancing buckling capacity of angle steel using unbonded CFRP laminates processed by vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VaRTM). Structures, 41, 173–189.
Zhao, X. L., Bai, Y., Al-Mahaidi, R., & Rizkalla, S. (2014). Effect of dynamic loading and environmental conditions on the bond between CFRP and steel: State-of-the-art review. Journal of Composites for Construction, 18(3), A4013005.
Zhao, X. L., & Zhang, L. (2007). State-of-the-art review on FRP strengthened steel structures. Engineering Structures, 29, 1808–1823.
Funding
No research grant received for this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
FSY prepared manuscript, conceptualization, methodology, and investigation.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Yoresta, F.S. Bending performance of steel beams with circular web openings strengthened with CFRP plates: a numerical study. Asian J Civ Eng 25, 2903–2911 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-023-00952-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-023-00952-3