Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The key factors affecting the behavior of reinforced concrete beam–column joints under cyclic load

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Asian Journal of Civil Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The paper presents the key factors affecting the behavior of reinforced concrete beam–column joints under cyclic load. An extensive experimental database covering a wide range of design parameters was collected from published literature to study the factors affecting the joint shear capacity of reinforced beam–column joints. The investigated factors include concrete compressive strength, eccentricity, aspect ratio (beam depth/column depth), column axial load, anchorage condition at the end of beam longitudinal bar, transverse reinforcement in the joint region, and the ratio of the longitudinal reinforcement in the beam. The collected data include conventional joints reinforced with seismic details. The result indicated that the reinforced joints were not affected by the increasing joint aspect ratio in contrast to the unreinforced beam–column joint. It is found that the joint shear strength of the reinforced beam–column joints was enhanced by increasing the column axial load, while the unreinforced joints showed strength losses with a high level of axial load. Furthermore, increasing concrete compressive strength had no effect on the external reinforced beam–column joints. Finally, the comparison between ACI code predictions and the experimental database showed that the ACI code needs much more investigation about eccentric connections since its predictions were unsafe in many cases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

A g :

Cross section of column

\(A_{{{\text{sh}}}}\) :

Area of steel reinforcement legs for one layer in the joint core

\(A_{{{\text{str}}}}\) :

Cross-sectional area of the concrete strut

a s :

Depth of strut

\(b_{{\text{c}}}\) :

Total column width

\(b_{j}\) :

Effective joint width

\(b_{{\text{s}}}\) :

Width of the concrete strut

\(C_{{\text{s}}} ,C_{{\text{s}}}^{^{\prime}} ,C_{{\text{s}}}^{^{\prime\prime}}\) :

Compression steel forces induced by beam and column reinforcement to the concrete joint core

\(C_{c} ,C_{c}^{`} ,C_{c}^{``}\) :

Compression forces induced by concrete compression stress applied by three adjacent members

\(D_{{\text{c}}}\) :

Maximum force generated by concrete struts

\(D_{{{\text{s}}i}}\) :

Diagonal compressive strut component acting along ith strut

f c, f t :

Diagonal compression and tension forces in the joint core

\(f_{{\text{c}}}^{^{\prime}}\) :

Cylindrical compressive strength of concrete

f y :

Yield stress of steel

\(h_{{\text{c}}}\) :

The total depth of column in the loading direction

h b :

Beam depth

N :

Axial load supported by column

RC:

Reinforced concrete

S :

Spacing of steel reinforcement layers in the joint core

\(T,T^{^{\prime}} ,T^{^{\prime\prime}}\) :

Tension steel forces induced by beam and column reinforcement to the concrete joint core

\(T_{ih}\) :

Vertical tension component which needs to be carried by steel reinforcement

\(T_{iv}\) :

Horizontal tension component which needs to be carried by steel reinforcement

\(V_{{{\text{exp}}.}}\) :

Experimental joint shear capacity

\(V_{jh}\) :

Maximum horizontal joint shear force

\(V_{{\text{b}}}\) :

Shear force from the beam at the boundary of joint core

\(V_{{{\text{col}}}} , V_{{{\text{col}}}}^{^{\prime}}\) :

Shear force from the column at the boundary of joint core

\(V_{{{\text{svi}}}}\) :

Vertical shear force

\(V_{{{\text{shi}}}}\) :

Horizontal shear force

\(\beta_{c}\) :

The angle of strut inclination

\(\gamma_{j}\) :

Joint shear strength coefficient

\(\rho_{{\text{b}}}\) :

Beam longitudinal reinforcement ratio

\(\rho_{{{\text{bott}}.}}\) :

Bottom longitudinal reinforcement ratio of beam

\(\rho_{{{\text{top}}}}\) :

Top longitudinal reinforcement ratio of beam

References

  • ACI committee 318. (1971). Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete. Farmington Hills: American Concrete Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • ACI committee 318. (2002). Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete. Farmington Hills: American Concrete Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • ACI committee 318. (2019). Building code requirements for reinforced concrete and commentary. American Concrete Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • ACI-ASCE Committee 352. (1976). Recommendations for design of beam–column joints in monolithic reinforced concrete structures. American Concrete Institute, 73(7), 375–393, 1976, https://doi.org/10.14359/11078.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ACI-ASCE Committee 318. (1985). Recommendations for design of beam–column joints in monolithic reinforced concrete structures. Journal of American Concrete Institute, 82(3), 266–283. https://doi.org/10.14359/11078

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ACI-ASCE Committee 352. (2002). Recommendations for design of beam–column connections in monolithic reinforced concrete structures.

  • ACI-ASCE Committee 352 (2010). Recommendations for design of beam-column connections in monolithic reinforced concrete structures. American concrete institute.

  • Alaee, P., & Li, B. (2017). High-Strength Concrete Interior Beam–column Joints with High-Yield-Strength Steel Reinforcements. Journal of the Structural Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers, 143(7), 04017038. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001773

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakir, P. G., & Boduroǧlu, H. M. (2002). A new design equation for predicting the joint shear strength of monotonically loaded exterior beam–column joints. Engineering Structures, 24(8), 1105–1117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00038-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belhadj, M., Lahbari, N., Slimane, A., & Aouiche, D. (2020). An interactive method to analysis of the response of the different reinforcement structures of a door opening of a wind tower. Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering, 64(4), 263–272. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPme.11370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beschi, C., Riva, P., Metelli, G., & Meda, A. (2015). HPFRC Jacketing of non seismically detailed RC corner joints. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 19(1), 25–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2014.948646

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Canbolat, B. B., & Wight, J. K. (2008). Experimental investigation on seismic behavior of eccentric reinforced concrete beam–column-slab connections. ACI Structural Journal, 105(2), 154–162. https://doi.org/10.14359/19730

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chalioris, C. E., Favvata, M. J., & Karayannis, C. G. (2008). Reinforced concrete beam–column joints with crossed inclined bars under cyclic deformations. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 37(6), 881–897. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.793

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, C. C., & Chen, G. K. (1999). Cyclic behavior of reinforced concrete eccentric beam–column corner joints connecting spread-ended beams. ACI Structural Journal, 96(3), 443–449. https://doi.org/10.14359/680

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chun, S. C., & Shin, Y. S. (2014). Cyclic testing of exterior beam–column joints with varying joint aspect ratio. ACI Structural Journal, 111(3), 693–704. https://doi.org/10.14359/51686730

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dabiri, H., Kaviani, A., & Kheyroddin, A. (2020). Influence of reinforcement on the performance of non-seismically detailed RC beam–column joints. Journal of Building Engineering, 31, 101333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Do, T. N., & Filippou, F. C. (2018). A damage model for structures with degrading response. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 47(2), 311–332. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2952

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durrani, A. J. D., & Wight, J. K. (1985). Behavior of interior beam-to-column connections under earthquake-type loading. ACI Journal of Proceedings, 82(3), 343–349. https://doi.org/10.14359/10341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehsani, M. R., & Alameddine, F. (1991). Design recommendations for type 2 high-strength reinforced concrete connections. ACI Structural Journal. https://doi.org/10.14359/3108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehsani, M. R., & Wight, J. K. (1985). Exterior reinforced concrete beam-to-column connections subjected to earthquake-type loading. American Concrete Institute, 82(4), 492–499. https://doi.org/10.14359/10361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuji, S., & Morita, S. (1991). Comparison between interior and exterior reinforced concrete beam–column joint behaviour. ACI Symposium Publication, 123, 145–166. https://doi.org/10.14359/2836

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fumio, K., Keiko, A., Hitoshi, S., & Shunsuke, O. (2004). Tests of reinforced concrete interior beam–column joint subassemblage with eccentric beams. In: 13th World Conf. Earthq. Eng., no. 185, 2004.

  • Gefken, P. R., & Ramey, M. R. (1989). Increased joint hoop spacing in type 2 seismic joints using fiber reinforced concrete. ACI Journal, 86(2), 168–172. https://doi.org/10.14359/2674

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Genesio, G. (2012). Seismic assessment of RC exterior beam- column joints and retrofit with haunches using post-installed anchors. PhD thesis.

  • Gentry, T. R., & Wight, J. K. (1994). Wide Beam–column Connections under Earthquake-Type Loading. Earthquake Spectra, 10(4), 675–703. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585793

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghobarah, A., Saatcioglu, M., & Nistor, I. (2006). The impact of the 26 December 2004 earthquake and tsunami on structures and infrastructure. Engineering Structures, 28(2), 312–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.09.028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hakuto, S., Park, R., & Tanaka, H. (2000). Seismic load tests on interior and exterior beam–column joints with substandard reinforcing details. ACI Structural Journal, 97(1), 11–25. https://doi.org/10.14359/829

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamil, S. J. (2000). Reinforced concrete beam–column connection behaviour. PhD Thesis, p. School of Engineering, University of Durham.

  • Hassan, W. M. (2011). Analytical and experimental assessment of seismic vulnerability of beam–column joints without transverse reinforcement in concrete buildings. University of California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegger, J., Sherif, A., & Roeser, W. (2003). Nonseismic Design of Beam–column Joints. ACI Structural Journal, 100(5), 654–664. https://doi.org/10.14359/12807

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, S. J., Lee, H. J., & Wang, K. C. (2004) Seismic design and detailing of exterior reinforced concrete beam–column joints. In: Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on earthquake engineering, paper no. 0397, Vancouver,” B.C., Canada, no. 397, pp. 1–12.

  • Hwang, S. J., Lee, H. J., Liao, T. F., Wang, K. C., & Tsai, H. H. (2005). Role of hoops on shear strength of reinforced concrete beam–column joints. ACI Structural Journal, 102(3), 445–453. https://doi.org/10.14359/14416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IS:13920-2016. (2016). Ductile design and detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic forces—Code of Practice. Bureau of Indian Standards New Delhi, pp. 1–121.

  • Jemaa, Y. (2013). Seismic behaviour of deficient exterior RC beam–column joints. PhD Thesis, p. 297.

  • Joh, O., Goto, Y., & Shibata, T. (1991). Influence of Transverse Joint andBeam Reinforcement and Relocation of Plastic Hinge Region on Beam-Column Joint Stiffness Deterioration. ACI Structural Journal, Special Publication, 123, 317–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaku, T., Asakusa, H., & Aoki, M. (1989). Ductility estimation of exterior beam–column subassemblages in reinforced concrete frames. Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (transactions AIJ), 401, 87–96. https://doi.org/10.3130/aijsx.401.0_87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaung, J. S., & Wong, H. F. (2011). Effectiveness of horizontal stirrups in joint core for exterior beam–column joints with nonseismic design. Procedia Eng., 14, 3301–3307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitayama, K., Otani, S., & Aoyama, H. (1991). Development of design criteria for Rc interior beam–column joints. American Concrete Institute Special Publication SP-123, 123, 97–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotsovou, G., & Mouzakis, H. (2012). Exterior RC beam–column joints: New design approach. Engineering Structures, 41, 307–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.03.049

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaFave, J. M., & Wight, J. K. (1999). Reinforced concrete exterior wide beam–column-slab connections subjected to lateral earthquake loading. ACI Structural Journal, 96(4), 577–585.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, H. J., & Hwang, S. J. (2013). High-strength concrete and reinforcing steel in beam–column connections. In: Struct. Congr. 2013 Proc. 2013 Struct. Congr., pp. 1606–1615, doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784412848.140.

  • Lee, H. J., & Ko, J. W. (2008). Eccentric reinforced concrete beam–column connections subjected to cyclic loading in principal directions. ACI Structural Journal, 105(3), 380–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, B., & Kulkarni, S. A. (2010). Seismic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Exterior Wide Beam–column Joints. Journal of the Structural Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers, 136(1), 26–36. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2010)136:1(26)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, B., & Leong, C. L. (2014). Experimental and numerical investigations of the seismic behavior of high-strength concrete beam–column joints with column axial load. Journal of the Structural Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers, 141(9), 04014220. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, C. (2006). Seismic behaviour of beam–column joint subassemblies reinforced with steel fiber. University of Canterbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luk, S. H. (2013). Seismic performance and post-peak behaviour of reinforced concrete beam–column joints. PhD thesis, no. August, 2013.

  • Mazza, F. (2014). Modelling and nonlinear static analysis of reinforced concrete framed buildings irregular in plan. Engineering Structures, 80, 98–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.08.026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazza, F. (2018). Shear modelling of the beam–column joint in the nonlinear static analysis of r.c. framed structures retrofitted with damped braces. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 16(5), 2043–2066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0269-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazza, F. (2019). A plastic-damage hysteretic model to reproduce strength stiffness degradation. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00606-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitra, N., & Lowes, L. N. (2007). Evaluation, calibration, and verification of a reinforced concrete beam-column joint model. Journal of the Structural Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers, 133(1), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2007)133:1(105)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moehle, J. P. (1998). Existing reinforced concrete building construction: A review of practices and vulnerabilities, Structural Engineering, Association of Northern California Fall Seminar.

  • N. Z. Standard. (1995). Concrete structures standard part 1: The design of concrete structures. Wellington.

  • Nadir, W., Ali, A. Y., & Kadhim, M. M. A. (2021). Structural behavior of hybrid reinforced concrete beam–column joints under cyclic load: State of the art review. Case Studies in Construction Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00707

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Standard of Canada CSA A23.3:19. (2019). Design of concrete structures. Toronto, Ontario, M9W 1R3.

  • New Zealand Standard. (2006). The design of concrete structures, NZS 3101.1:2006, no. 1. New Zealand.

  • Nguyen, B. E. M. C. M. E. P. T. (2013). A study of shear behavior of reinforced concrete deep beams. PMFSEL Rep. No. 82–1, p. 250, 2013.

  • Ohno, K., & Shibata, T. (1973). On the Damage to the Hakodate College by the Tokachioki Earthquake, 1968. In: Proc. U.S.-Japan Semin. Earthq. Eng. with Emphas. Saf. Sch. Build., pp. 123–140, 1973, [Online]. http://hdl.handle.net/2115/37920.

  • Oka, K., & Shiohara, H. (1992). Tests of high-strength concrete interior beam-column-joint subassemblages, in Earthquake Engineering. Tenth World Conference. Balkema. Flotterdam, 3211–3217.

  • Pampanin, S., Calvi, G. M., & Moratti, M. (2002). Seismic behaviour of RC beam–column joints designed for gravity loads. In: 12th Eur. Conf. Earthq. Eng., vol. 726, no. May 2014, pp. 1–10, 2002, [Online]. http://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/10092/173/1/12587505_Main.pdf%60.

  • Pantazopoulou, S., & Bonacci, J. (1993). Consideration of Questions about Beam–column Joints. ACI Structural Journal, 89(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.14359/1281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pantelides, C. P., Clyde, C., & Reaveley, L. D. (2000). “Performance-based evaluation of reinforced concrete building exterior joints for seismic excitation. Earthquake Spectra., 15, 14. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1510447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, R., & Paulay, T. (1973). Behavior of reinforced concrete external beam–column joints under cyclic loading. [Online]. http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/5_vol1_772.pdf.

  • Park, R., & Paulay, T. (1975). Reinforced concrete structures (1st ed.). Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Park, S. (2010). Experimental and analytical studies on old reinforced concrete buildings with seismically vulnerable beam–column joints. University of California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, S., & Mosalam, K. M. (2012). Parameters for shear strength prediction of exterior beam–column joints without transverse reinforcement. Engineering Structures, 36, 198–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.11.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paulay, T., Park, R., & Priestley, M. J. N. (1978). Reinforced concrete beam–column joints under seismic actions. American Concrete Institute, 75(11), 585–593. https://doi.org/10.14359/10971

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paulay, T., & Priestley, M. J. (1992). Seismic design of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings. Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Paulay, T., & Scarpas, A. (1981). The behaviour of exterior beam–column joint. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 14(3), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.14.3.131-144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raffaelle, G. S., & Wight, J. K. (1995). Reinforced concrete eccentric beam–column connections subjected to earthquake-type loading. ACI Structural Journal, 92(1), 45–55. https://doi.org/10.14359/1474

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Railway Technical Reserch Institute. (2004). Design standards for railway structures andcommentary (concrete structures). Japan: Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarsam, K., & Al-azzawi, Z. M. K. (2010). Shear capacity of high-strength fiber reinforced concrete beam–column joints. Engineering and Technology Journal, 28(6), 1253–1266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, R. H. (1996). Intrinsic mechanisms in reinforced concrete beam–column connection behavior. ACI Structural Journal, 93(3), 336–346. https://doi.org/10.14359/9693

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shin, M., & LaFave, J. M. (2004a). Seismic performance of reinforced concrete eccentric beam–column connections with floor slabs. ACI Structural Journal, 101(3), 403–412. https://doi.org/10.14359/13100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shin, M., & LaFave, J. M. (2004b). Reinforced concrete edge beam–column-slab connections subjected to earthquake loading. Magazine of Concrete Research, 56(5), 273–291. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2004.56.5.273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shiohara, H., Kusuhara, F. (2009). Comprehensive series of tests on seismic performance of reinforced concrete beam–column joints. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on advances in experimental structural engineering, SanFrancisco, 2009, pp. 1–11.

  • Slimane, A., Bouchouicha, B., Benguediab, M., & Slimane, S. A. (2015). Contribution to the study of fatigue and rupture of welded structures in carbon steel-A48 AP: Experimental and numerical study. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 68(3), 465–477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-014-0477-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T. R. MCEER-00-0003. (1999). The Chi-Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake of September 21, 1999: Reconnaissance Report. 2000. [Online]. http://nisee.berkeley.edu/elibrary/Text/S37336.

  • Teng, S., & Zhou, H. (2003). Eccentric reinforced concrete beam–column joints subjected to cyclic loading. ACI Structural Journal, 100(2), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.14359/12477

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teraoka, M., Hayashi, K., Sasaki, S., & Takamori, N. (2005). Estimation of restoring force characteristics in the interior beam-and-column subassemblages of R/C frames. Fujita Technological Research, 41, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vollum, R. L. (1998). Design and analysis of exterior beam column connections. University of London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, H. F. (2005). Shear strength and seismic performance of non-seismically designed reinforced concrete beam–column joints. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, H., Zhao, W., Zhu, Z., & Fu, J. (2018). Seismic behavior comparison of reinforced concrete interior beam–column joints based on different loading methods. Engineering Structures, 166(March), 31–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.03.022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yasuaki, G., & Osamu, J. (2004). shear resistance of interior eccentric beam-column joints, in 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (p. 649). Vancouver, B.C.: Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, B., Taucer, F., & Rossetto, T. (2009). Field investigation on the performance of building structures during the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Engineering Structures, 31(8), 1707–1723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.02.039

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The authors have not disclosed any funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq

    Wissam Nadir & Ammar Yasir Ali

  2. College of Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, Iraq

    Wissam Nadir

Authors
  1. Wissam Nadir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ammar Yasir Ali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wissam Nadir.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Nadir, W., Ali, A.Y. The key factors affecting the behavior of reinforced concrete beam–column joints under cyclic load. Asian J Civ Eng 23, 907–927 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-022-00464-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-022-00464-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation