Abstract
Cotton-sunflower cropping system is a unique oilseed-based rotation. The real problem is overlapping sunflower-maturity with cotton-sowing. Investigations aim to tackle cotton-late-sowing through sowing-time-adjustment and cultivar-selection at cropping-system-level. Cotton (May 10th to June 24th) and sunflower (December 20th to February 03rd) sowing-dates were maintained biweekly. Maturity-time based cultivars were selected (early, medium, late) and variations in ambient-temperature through sowing-dates from 33.2 to 33.9 °C, 32.2 to 33.6 °C and 29.2 to 32.6 °C, length of emergence-squaring, squaring-flowering and flowering-maturity differed by 3.1, 1.5 and 5.1 days, respectively. Likewise, sunflower-sowing-dates based ambient-temperature ranged 13.7–18.1 °C, 16.3–17.5 °C and 23.8–28.5 °C at emergence-budding, budding-anthesis and anthesis-maturity, resulted in a difference of 13.5, 4.8 and 1.0 days. Results revealed that cotton late-sowing (May 10th to June 24th) and sunflower (December 20th to January 19th) resulted in reduces seedcotton, lint and achene yield by 19.9, 8.2 and 8.8 kg ha−1 day−1. Oil productivity was the highest in cotton vide June 24th and in sunflower 04th January. In this cropping system, cotton is highly sensitive to sowing-dates for yield losses (35%) and sunflower less sensitive (14.4%). Meanwhile, yield variations in cotton-cultivars (12.5%) and sunflower-hybrids (10.0%). It was realized that sunflower December 20th hold great importance to assure minimum cotton yield-losses than looking for hybrids.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbas, G., Ahmad, S., Ahmad, A., Nasim, W., Fatima, Z., Hussain, S., et al. (2017). Quantification the impacts of climate change and crop management on phenology of maize-based cropping system in Punjab, Pakistan. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 247, 42–55.
Afzal, M.N., Tariq, M., Ahmed, M., Abbas, G., & Mehmood, Z. (2020). Managing planting time for cotton production. In: Ahmad, S., & Hasanuzzaman, M. (eds) Cotton Production and Uses. Springer, Singapore
Ahmad, S., Abbas, G., Fatima, Z., Khan, R. J., Anjum, M. A., Ahmed, M., et al. (2017a). Quantification of the impacts of climate warming and crop management on canola phenology in Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 203(5), 442–452.
Ahmad, S., Abbas, Q., Abbas, G., Fatima, Z., Naz, S., Younis, H., et al. (2017b). Quantification of climate warming and crop management impacts on cotton phenology. Plants, 6(1), 7.
Ahmad, S., Ahmad, S., Ashraf, M., Khan, N. U. I., & Iqbal, N. (2008). Assessment of yield-related morphological measures for earliness in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40(3), 1201–1207.
Ahmad, S., & Hasanuzzaman, M. (2020). Cotton production and uses. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Ahmed, B., Sultana, M., Zaman, J., Paul, S. K., Rahman, M. M., Islam, M. R., & Majumdar, F. (2015). Effect of sowing dates on the yield of sunflower. Bangladesh Agronomy Journal, 18(1), 1–5.
Ahmed, S., Shahabudin, T. H. M., Rashid, M., Ahmed, N., Ahmed, S., & Qadir, A. (2019). Performance of different upland cotton varieties under the climatic condition of Lasbella Uthal Balochistan. Pure and Applied Biology, 8(1), 518–522.
Ali, H., Randhawa, S. A., & Yousaf, M. (2004). Quantitative and qualitative traits of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) as influenced by planting dates and nitrogen application. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 6(2), 410–412.
Bakhsh, A., Rehman, M., Salman, S., & Ullah, R. (2019). Evaluation of cotton genotypes for seed cotton yield and fiber quality traits under water stress and non-stress conditions. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 35(1), 161–170.
Ban, Y. G., Nawalkar, D. P., Mote, B. M., Kumar, V., & Narwad, A. V. (2015). Crop phenology, thermal requirement, yield and fiber properties of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) genotypes as influenced by different environments. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 20(2), 137–144.
Bange, M. P., & Milroy, S. P. (2000). Timing of crop maturity in cotton: impact of dry matter production and partitioning. Field Crops Research, 68(2), 143–155.
Barradas, G., & López-Bellido, R. I. (2009). Genotype and planting date effects on cotton growth and production under south Portugal conditions: I. Phenology and growth analysis. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 7(2), 300–312.
Demir, I. (2019). The effects of sowing date on growth, seed yield and oil content of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars under rainfed conditions. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 28(9), 6849–6857.
Dong, H., Li, W., Tang, W., Li, Z., Zhang, D., & Niu, Y. (2006). Yield, quality and leaf senescence of cotton grown at varying planting dates and plant densities in the Yellow River Valley of China. Field Crops Research, 98, 106–115.
Dutta, . (2011). Effects of sowing dates on yield and yield components of hybrid sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) in nontraditional areas of West Bengal. Journal of Crop and Weed, 7(2), 226–228.
Elayan, E. D., Abdalla, A. M. A., Nadia, S. D., & Wageda, A. E. F. (2015). Effect of delaying planting date on yield, fiber and yarn quality properties in some cultivars and promising crosses of Egyptian cotton. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, 15(5), 754–763.
Flagella, Z., Rotunno, T., Tarantino, E., Caterina, R. D., & Car, A. D. (2002). Changes in seed yield and oil fatty acid composition of high oleic sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids in relation to the sowing date and the water regime. European Journal of Agronomy, 17, 221–230.
Hebbar, K. B., Venugopalan, M. V., Rao, M. R. K., Gadade, G. D., Chatterji, S., & Mayee, C. D. (2002). Effect of sowing dates and fertilizer levels on phenology, growth and yield of cotton. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 7(4), 380–383.
Huang, J., & Ji, F. (2015). Effects of climate change on phenological trends and seed cotton yields in oasis of arid regions. International Journal of Biometeorology, 59, 877–888.
Hussain, M., Farooq, M., Shehzad, M., Khan, M. B., Wahid, A., & Shabir, G. (2012). Evaluating the performance of elite sunflower hybrids under saline conditions. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 14, 131–135.
Kamran, M., Afzal, I., Basra, S. M. A., Khan, S. H. U., & Mahmood, A. (2017). Improvement of cotton crop performance by estimating optimum sowing and picking time. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 19, 241–247.
Kaya, Y., Baltensperger, D., Nelson, L., & Miller, J. (2004). Maturity grouping in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L). Helia, 27(40), 257–270.
Khan, A., Najeeb, U., Wang, L., Tan, D. K. Y., Yang, G., Munsif, F., et al. (2017a). Planting density and sowing date strongly influence growth and lint yield of cotton crops. Field Crops Research, 209, 129–135.
Khan, A., Wang, L., Ali, S., Tung, S. A., Hafeez, A., & Yang, G. (2017b). Optimal planting density and sowing date can improve cotton yield by maintaining reproductive organ biomass and enhancing potassium uptake. Field Crops Research, 214, 164–174.
Ozturk, E., Polat, T., & Sezek, M. (2017). The effect of sowing date and nitrogen fertilizer form on growth, yield and yield components in sunflower. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 22(1), 143–151.
Pettigrew, W. T. (2002). Improved yield potential with an early planting cotton production system. Agronomy Journal, 94, 997–1003.
Pettigrew, W., Molin, W. T., & Stetina, S. R. (2009). Impact of varying planting dates and tillage systems on cotton growth and lint yield production. Agronomy Journal, 101, 1131–1138.
Piao, X. M., Choi, S. Y., Jang, Y. S., So, Y. S., Chung, J. W., Lee, S. Y., et al. (2014). Effect of genotype, growing year and planting date on agronomic traits and chemical composition in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) germplasm. Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, 2(1), 35–47.
Pomeranz, Y., & Clifton, E. (1994). Food analysis theory and practice (3rd ed., pp. 689–692). San Diego: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
Saleem, M. F., Ma, B. L., Malik, M. A., Cheema, M. A., & Wahid, M. A. (2008). Yield and quality response of autumn-planted sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to sowing dates and planting patterns. Canadian Journal of Plant Sciences, 88, 101–109.
Shah, M. A., Farooq, M., Shahzad, M., Khan, M. B., & Hussain, M. (2017). Yield and phenological responses of Bt cotton to different sowing dates in semi-arid climate. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 54(2), 233–239.
Shahzad, A. N., Rizwan, M., Asghar, M. G., Qureshi, M. K., Bukhari, S. A. H., Kiran, A., & Wakeel, A. (2019). Early maturing Bt cotton requires more potassium fertilizer under water deficiency to augment seed-cotton yield but not lint quality. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43563-2.
Statista, 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/267271/worldwide-oilseed-production-since-2008/. (Accessed on 23rd June 2020)
Steel, R.G.D., Torrie, J.H., & Dickey, D.A. (1997). Principles and procedures of statistics: abiometrical approach. (3rd ed., pp 352–358) Mcgraw Hill, Inc. Book Co. New York
Tariq, M., Ahmad, S., Fahad, S., Abbas, G., Hussain, S., Fatima, Z., et al. (2018). The impact of climate warming and crop management on phenology of sunflower-based cropping systems in Punjab, Pakistan. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology, 256–257, 270–282.
Tariq, M., Yasmeen, A., Ahmad, S., Hussain, N., Afzal, M. N., & Hasanuzzaman, M. (2017). Shedding of fruiting structures in cotton: factors, compensation and prevention. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 20, 251–262.
Triboï-Blondel, A., Bonnemoy, B., Falcimagne, R., Martignac, M., Messaoud, J., Philippon, J., & Vear, F. (2000). The effect of temperature from flowering to maturity on seed composition of high oleic sunflower inbreeds and mid oleic hybrids. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Sunflower Conference’. Toulouse, France, I: A-67. (International Sunflower Association: Paris)
Ulla, I., Arjumand, G., Ali, N., & Akmal, M. (2016). Yield performance of summer season sunflower under N-rate by change in climate of northwest of Pakistan. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 32(2), 50–56.
Usman, K., Ayatullah, N., & Khan, S. (2016). Genotype-by-sowing date interaction effects on cotton yield and quality in irrigated condition of Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 48(5), 1933–1944.
Wang, X., Hou, Y., Du, M., Xu, D., Lu, H., Tian, X., & Li, Z. (2016). Effect of planting date and plant density on cotton traits as relating to mechanical harvesting in the Yellow River valley region of China. Field Crops Research, 198, 112–121.
Wei, H., Mei-li, C., Wen-qing, Z., Bing-lin, C., You-hua, W., Shan-shan, W., et al. (2017). The effects of sowing date on cottonseed properties at different fruiting-branch positions. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 16(6), 1322–1330.
Acknowledgements
This research was financially supported by Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tariq, M., Fatima, Z., Iqbal, P. et al. Sowing Dates and Cultivars Mediated Changes in Phenology and Yield Traits of Cotton-Sunflower Cropping System in the Arid Environment. Int. J. Plant Prod. 15, 291–302 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42106-020-00124-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42106-020-00124-2