Abstract
As important as physical, mental, or social health is sexual health. Teenage pregnancy, STDs/STIs, and unsafe abortions are just a few of the population health issues that can arise from the absence of adequate sex education for young people. The purpose of this study is to investigate the process of sexual decision-making as influenced by media intervention among couples. Entertainment education (EE) is an approach that uses storytelling to influence large-scale behaviour change. EE has been used as a potent tool to educate, enlighten, and influence society and individual behaviour change worldwide. Through entertainment education, people have been taught about themes like HIV, family planning, pregnancy and child health, violence against women, and other subjects. Web series or movies that are accessible on the online subscription service, Netflix was taken into consideration for this study. Although there is a great deal of research on adolescent sexuality, studies of sexual decision-making have traditionally been gendered, meaning that men and women have been examined separately. This study is designed for a qualitative investigation using a phenomenological approach. Thematic analysis was employed to analyse semi-structured interviews of couples in a heterosexual romantic relationship. The findings will reveal the influence of entertainment education on young couples’ choices in their intimate relationships.
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The author and co-author have access to all of the research’s raw data. The data will be given if necessary and as requested by the journal.
Change history
22 January 2024
The original version of this article was updated to correct the running header from Srivastava to Panwar.
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Acknowledgements
I would express my heartfelt gratitude towards my professor, Dr. Neeraj Panwar, for assisting me through the process and the participants for being part of this study. Without the cooperation of participants, who volunteered to provide such sensitive information that would be difficult for many people to openly express, this research would not have been possible. Without them taking time out of their hectic schedules for the interview, it would not have been feasible.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
S.G.: Data collection, prepared figures, analysis and all other necessary steps required N.P.: Guided through the process.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate
The research was examined by the CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Delhi NCR’s Institutional Review Board while taking the research’s ethical implications into consideration. The whole procedure will be divided into four sessions. The participants were oriented about the purpose of the study and were allowed to ask their queries regarding the survey. Before the interview, written consent was taken from the participants to audio record the discussion and an option was provided to answer the question.
Human and Animal Ethics
All ethical norms pertaining to animal and human rights were upheld while conducting the research.
Consent for Publication
The research participants gave their permission for the results based on the interviews to be published.
Competing Interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
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Appendices
Appendix 1. Checklist of Shows
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Sex Education
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Sex/Life
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F.R.I.E.N.D.S
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365 Days
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Game of Thrones
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50 Shades of Grey
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You
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Lovesick
*The checklist was compiled based on the data obtained from participants who completed the demographic information form. This form included inquiries about the web series they had watched. From this information, the top 10 web series, regardless of whether the participants were eventually selected for the study, were identified and included in the research.
Appendix 2. Demographic Details
S. No. | Name | Together since | Age | Marital status | Sexual orientation | Education qualification | City | Shows watched |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Khushi (F) | 1.5 years | 22 | Unmarried | Heterosexual | Master in Science in Counselling Psychology | Delhi | Game of Thrones, Elite, Lust stories, You, F.R.I.E.N.D.S., Bridgerton, Sex Education |
Arjun (M) | 1.5 years | 24 | Unmarried | Heterosexual | Bachelor of Technology | Delhi | Sex Education, F.R.I.E.N.D.S., Sopranos | |
2 | Sahil (M) | 2 years | 19 | Unmarried | Heterosexual | Inter Pass | Delhi | Sex Education, F.R.I.E.N.D.S., 365 Days and Mirzapur |
Nisha (F) | 2 years | 19 | Unmarried | Heterosexual | Bachelor’s Degree | Delhi | You, F.R.I.E.N.D.S., Bridgerton, 365 Days, 50 Shades of Grey, White Girl | |
3 | Akriti (F) | 1.5 years | 24 | Unmarried | Heterosexual | Post Graduation in Diet and Nutrition | Bangalore | Sex/Life, Bridgerton |
Dhruv (M) | 1.5 years | 24 | Unmarried | Heterosexual | Post Graduation | Bangalore | Lovesick, Sex/Life, You, F.R.I.E.N.D.S., Bridgerton, 50 Shades of Grey, White Girl, 365 Days, Deadly Illusions, Rocco, etc | |
4 | Arnav (M) | 2 years | 22 | Unmarried | Heterosexual | Bachelors in History | Odisha | Sex Education, Sex/Life |
Chavi (F) | 2 years | 21 | Unmarried | Heterosexual | Masters in Counseling Psychology | Delhi | Sex Education, F.R.I.E.N.D.S., 365 Days, 50 Shades of Grey, The Vampire Diaries, Jane The Virgin | |
5 | Ridhi (F) | 2.4 years | 24 | Unmarried | Heterosexual | MA Communication (Research) | Haryana | Sex Education, F.R.I.E.N.D.S., 50 Shades of Grey |
Sanjay (M) | 2.4 years | 23 | Unmarried | Heterosexual | MSc Finance | Haryana | F.R.I.E.N.D.S., Sex/Life | |
6 | Heena (F) | 1.10 year | 22 | Unmarried | Heterosexual | Masters in sustainable development practices | Bhopal | Sex Education, F.R.I.E.N.D.S., 365 Days, GOT |
Yug (M) | 1.10 year | 24 | Unmarried | Heterosexual | Masters in English | Delhi | GOT, F.R.I.E.N.D.S., Sexify | |
7 | Juhi (F) | 4 years | 21 | Unmarried | Heterosexual | Graduated | Delhi | Lovesick, Sex Education, You, F.R.I.E.N.D.S., 365 Days, 50 Shades of grey |
Aarav (M) | 4 years | 22 | Unmarried | Heterosexual | L LB | Delhi | 50 Shades of Grey, Sex Education | |
8 | Disha (F) | 4 years | 21 | Unmarried | Heterosexual | Bachelors in Psychology | Tamil Nadu | Sex Education, You |
Vineet | 4 years | 21 | Unmarried | Heterosexual | Bachelors in Technology | Tamil Nadu | Sex Education, You, Sex/Life, and 365 days | |
9 | Shivani (F) | 1 year | 23 | Unmarried | Heterosexual | Masters | Chennai | Sex Education, You, F.R.I.E.N.D.S., 365 Days, 50 Shades of Grey, Two and a Half Men |
Deepak (M) | 1 year | 23 | Unmarried | Heterosexual | MBA | Chennai | Sex Education, Sex/Life, F.R.I.E.N.D.S., 365 Days, 50 Shades of Grey | |
10 | Yuvraj (M) | 1 year | 23 | Unmarried | Heterosexual | Masters in Psychology | Tamil Nadu | You, Friends, 365 Days, 50 Shades of Grey, Big mouth |
Suhana (F) | 1 year | 23 | Unmarried | Heterosexual | Masters in Psychology | Rajasthan | Sex Education, F.R.I.E.N.D.S., Bridgerton, 50 Shades of Grey, The Bold Type, GOT, Shameless |
Appendix 3. Semi-structured Interview
Interview Guide
Narrative involvement
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1.
Which shows did you like among all the shows that you have watched? Why?
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2.
How do you select the shows you watch on Netflix that primarily have sexual content?
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3.
Who are a part of your sexual decisions? Or influence your decisions about sexual matters? Where do you get your information on sexual matters?
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4.
When watching the shows, what characteristics of various characters catch your attention or you like or dislike?
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5.
Which character did you relate to the most and if you were to imbibe any of the characteristics of that character, what would it be?
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6.
Whose sexual behaviours in the show did you identify with and saw similarities? Why?
About present sexual behaviours
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1.
In Sex/Life, in the opening scene when Brad is about to involve in a sexual encounter the conversation he takes permission. What verbal or non-verbal cues do you use to give consent to each other?
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2.
Who starts the conversation about having sex? Who decides?
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3.
In season 3 of sex education, Olivia talks about the pressure she feels to have sex without a condom and how she's always so afraid of getting pregnant she can't even focus on enjoying the actual act. What conversations do you have regarding contraception and protection?
OR
In season 10 of F.R.I.E.N.D.S., when Rachel tells Ross that she is pregnant and Ross is unaware that condoms are only 97% effective, Ross exclaims that he did not know that condoms are only 97% effective. What would you like to comment on in this situation? How do you communicate about decisions to use contraceptives with your partner?
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4.
Who initiates the topic of contraceptives or protection? And who decides?
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5.
Do you discuss the parts of the show that consist of sexual intimacy after watching any show? If yes, how does the show help you in thinking differently in terms of your sexual decision-making?
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6.
In Sex/Life, Billie wishes to engage in a sexual encounter but Cooper wanted to watch the match on the television. Has there been any situation in which one of you wishes to engage in sexual intimacy while another wants to do something else? In such a situation, how do you decide whether to engage in sexual interaction or not? Is there mutual consent every time?
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7.
In Sex/Life, Cooper comes home all tired from the work and wants to enjoy the match on the television. But it was portrayed that Billie wanted to have sexual intimac,y but Cooper did not which could be observed in the scene as Cooper is constantly looking towards the television. Has there been an incident where either of you engaged in sexual intimacy even when you didn’t want to? Why?
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8.
In the web series “You”, Benji shows up at Beck’s doorstep out of the blue. Beck did not know that Benji would be coming but eventually; they indulged in sexual intimacy. What do your sexual encounters look like? Are they planned or unplanned, if they are planned, how does it look, and if they are unplanned, what does that look like?
Based on the Web Series
To Girl
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1.
If you were to relate to the character of Maeve (Sex Education), what would you do if you were pregnant?
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2.
In Sex/Life, Cooper is not in the mood to have a sexual encounter but Billie is. She uses a vibrator to satisfy her needs. What are your opinions about masturbation or self-pleasure?
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3.
In Sex/Life, Cooper fails to satisfy the needs of Billie; subsequently, Beck asks Cooper to bring her vibrator. Owing to the same scenario, how do you convey your pleasure to your partner?
To Boy
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1.
In Sex Education, Maeve gets pregnant after having a sexual encounter with Jackson. If Maeve told Jackson about her pregnancy and if you were Jackson Monroe, what would you do if you were in his place?
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2.
In lovesick, Dylan finds that contracted chlamydia because of having multiple sexual partners. Out of 10 times, how many times do you use protection? If you don’t use condoms, what are your ways of getting prevented from unwanted pregnancy and STIs/STDs?
Appendix 4. Consent Form
Informed Consent Form
Researcher Details
Simran Gambhir
School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology
CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Delhi NCR
gambhirsimran28@gmail.com
In this consent form, “you” always means the study subject.
1. Introduction
You are being asked to take part voluntarily in the research project described below. Please take your time making a decision, and feel free to discuss it with your family. Before agreeing to take part in this research study, it is important that you read the consent form that describes the study. Please ask the study researcher to explain any words or information that you do not clearly understand.
2. Why is this study being done?
You have been asked to take part in a research study. “Does Entertainment Education related to intimate relations lead to intimate-decision making amongst young couples?” Approximately, 15 young couples from Delhi or Delhi NCR between the ages of 18–24 will be enrolling in this study.
You are being asked to be in the study because you are male or female between the age of 18–24 and currently in a romantic heterosexual relationship. If you decide to enrol in this study, your involvement will last about 4 to 5 hours total of your individual time.
3. What is involved in the study?
If you agree to take part in this study, the researcher will ask you to come with your partner. You will be asked to confirm what all web series you have watched that are available on the over-the-top platform, Netflix. After taking into account what all web series you have watched, the researcher will interview you and your partner on your perceptions of sexual decision-making in the show and how the show influences your sexual decision-making. The interview will last for about an hour, and it will be audio recorded.
4. What will be the procedure for the whole interview?
The whole procedure will be divided into four sessions. On the first day of the session, the participants will be oriented about the purpose of the study. The participants will be allowed to ask their queries in the first session regarding the study. By the second session, an interview will be commenced. The interview will last for about an hour. In the third session, the interview will be continued so as to gain more information about your experiences that will last for about an hour. The fourth and final session will include clarification. During the process of clarification, the investigator will clarify whether she has understood the subject’s statements right or not.
5. What about confidentiality?
Your part in this study is confidential. None of the information will identify you by name. All records will be kept with the researcher and will not be shared with any information identifying you. Each study participant will be assigned pseudo names that will be used in the research. Every effort will be made to keep your information confidential. All records will be maintained in digital files, and after the interviews are analysed, the audio files will be secured with a password that only the researcher will be aware of. Your confidentiality will be maintained at all times by assigning numbers to your audio files and the use of pseudo names while reporting.
6. What are the risks and discomforts of the study?
There are no known risks associated with this research. However, if you are uncomfortable during any part of the research or process, you can opt out at any time. Also, if the researcher notes any risk or discomfort, the process will be aborted immediately. If you have any questions or doubts or concerns, please feel free to stop and ask the researcher at any time.
7. Are there benefits to taking part in this study?
This research may help us to understand the sexual decision-making behaviours of young couples after exposure to entertainment education shows. The insights may be useful nationally and regionally for media interventions targeting young adults.
8. What other options are there?
You have the option not to take part in this study. There will be no penalties involved if you choose not to take part in this study. If during the study you are uncomfortable or do not wish to participate, you can opt out anytime. Also, if you do not wish to answer certain questions, those questions can be skipped without any problem. Feel free to share your thoughts with the researcher.
9. What are my costs?
There are no direct costs.
10. Will I be paid to participate in this study?
You will not be paid for taking part in this research study.
11. What if I want to withdraw, or be asked to withdraw from this study?
Taking part in this study is voluntary. You have the right to choose not to take part in this study. If you do not take part in the study, there will be no penalty.
If you choose to take part, you have the right to stop at any time. However, we encourage you to talk to the researcher so that they know why you are leaving the study. If there are any new findings during the study that may affect whether you want to continue to take part, you will be told about them.
If there are any anticipated harms in the process, the researcher may decide to stop the process at any time.
12. Who do I call if I have questions or problems?
You may ask any questions you have now or in the process. If you have questions later, you may mail Simran Gambhir at simran.gambhir@psy.christuniversity.in.
13. Mandatory reporting
If information is revealed about abuse or neglect, or potentially dangerous future behaviour to others, the law requires that this information be reported to the proper authorities.
14. Authorization statement
I have read each page of this paper about the study. I know that being in this study is voluntary, and I choose to be in this study. I know I can stop being in this study without penalty. I will get a copy of this consent form. I voluntarily agree to take part in this research.
Participant’s signature
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Gambhir, S., Panwar, N. Sexual Relationship Decision Making Based on Entertainment Media: A Qualitative Perspective Among Young Couples. Hu Arenas (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42087-023-00389-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42087-023-00389-9