Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cutoff value of the geniohyoid muscle mass to identify sarcopenic dysphagia by ultrasonography

  • Research Paper
  • Published:
European Geriatric Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Key summary points

AbstractSection Aim

In this study, the cross-sectional area of the geniohyoid muscle was investigated using ultrasonography to determine the normative and cut-off values.

AbstractSection Findings

The cut-off values of the ultrasonographic cross-sectional area of the geniohyoid muscle were found as 172.5 mm2 for women and 194.7 mm2 for men.

AbstractSection Message

This cut-off values could help detect loss of swallowing muscle mass and contribute to the diagnosis of sarcopenic dysphagia.

Abstract

Purpose

Determining the strength and area of the swallowing muscles is important in patients with sarcopenic dysphagia. Although the normative data on the strength of the swallowing muscles have been reported, those of the area of the geniohyoid muscle are poorly investigated. We investigated the cross-sectional area of the geniohyoid muscle in Japanese subjects without dysphagia using ultrasonography to determine the normative and cut-off values.

Methods

142 subjects without dysphagia were included. The older group (age ≥ 65 years) included 36 (women 27/men 9) subjects, and the younger group (age ≤ 39 years) included 106 (women 54/men 52) subjects. The cross-sectional area of the geniohyoid muscle was measured by ultrasound. The mean of the younger group-2 standard deviation (SD) was calculated and used as a cut-off value for low swallowing muscle mass.

Results

The mean (SD) of the area of the geniohyoid muscle of each group was as follows: older women group 167.2 (32.6) mm2, older men group 193.2 (49.5) mm2, younger women group 247.3 (37.4) mm2, younger men group 313.1 (59.2) mm2. The mean 2SD of the geniohyoid muscle area in the younger women group was 172.5 mm2 and in the younger men group 194.7 mm2.

Conclusion

We found that the cut-off value of the ultrasonographic cross-sectional area of the geniohyoid muscle was 172.5 mm2 for women and 194.7 mm2 for men. These values could be used as cut-off values for the mass of the geniohyoid muscle to identify patients with sarcopenic dysphagia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Data sharing is not applicable to this article because we did not obtain consent from a large number of collaborators and participants in advance.

References

  1. Fujishima I, Fujiu-Kurachi M, Arai H et al (2019) Sarcopenia and dysphagia: position paper by four professional organizations. Geriatr Gerontol Int 19:91–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13591

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Campo-Rivera N, Ocampo-Chaparro JM, Carvajal-Ortiz R, Reyes-Ortiz CA (2022) Sarcopenic dysphagia is associated with mortality in institutionalized older adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc 23:1720.e11-1720.e17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2022.06.016

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Mori T, Fujishima I, Wakabayashi H et al (2017) Development, reliability, and validity of a diagnostic algorithm for sarcopenic dysphagia. JCSM Clin Rep 2:1–10. https://doi.org/10.17987/jcsm-cr.v2i2.17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Abe S, Kokura Y, Maeda K et al (2023) Effects of undernutrition on swallowing function and activities of daily living in hospitalized patients: data from the Japanese sarcopenic dysphagia database. Nutrients 15:1291. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051291

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Tamura F, Kikutani T, Tohara T, Yoshida M, Yaegaki K (2012) Tongue thickness relates to nutritional status in the older. Dysphagia 27:556–561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-012-9407-z

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Tamura F, Kikutani T, Furuya H, Okayama H, Takahashi N (2017) A study of tongue thickness in elderly people in Japan. Med Res Arch 5:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  7. Feng X, Cartwright MS, WalkerBargoilHu FOJHY, Butler SG (2015) Ultrasonographic evaluation of geniohyoid muscle and hyoid bone during swallowing in young adults. Laryngoscope 125:1886–1891. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.25224

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Shimizu S, Hanayama K, Nakato K, Nakato R, Sugiyama T (2017) Ultrasonographic evaluation of geniohyoid muscle mass in perioperative patients. Kawasaki Med J 42:47–56. https://doi.org/10.11482/KMJ-E42(2)47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Shimizu S, Hanayama K, Metani H et al (2016) Retest reliability of ultrasonic geniohyoid muscle measurement. Jpn J Compr Rehabil Sci 7:55–60. https://doi.org/10.11336/jjcrs.7.55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Ogawa N, Mori T, Fujishima I et al (2018) Ultrasonography to measure swallowing muscle mass and quality in older patients with sarcopenic dysphagia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 19:516–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.11.007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Watkin KL, Diouf I, Gallagher TM, Logemann JA, Rademaker AW, Ettema SL (2001) Ultrasonic quantification of geniohyoid cross-sectional area and tissue composition: a preliminary study of age and radiation effects. Head Neck 23:467–474. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.1061

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Baba T, Goto T, Fujimoto et al (2017) Age-related changes in geniohyoid muscle morphology predict reduced swallowing function. J Oral Health Biosci 30:18–25. https://doi.org/10.20738/johb.30.1_18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Yamaguchi K, Hara K, Nakagawa K et al (2021) Ultrasonography shows age-related changes and related factors in the tongue and suprahyoid muscles. J Am Med Dir Assoc 22:766–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2020.10.012

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ogawa N, Wakabayashi H, Mori T et al (2021) Digastric muscle mass and intensity in older patients with sarcopenic dysphagia by ultrasonography. Geriatr Gerontol Int 21:14–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.14079

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Mori T, Izumi S, ISuzukamo SY (2019) Ultrasonography to detect age-related changes in swallowing muscles. Eur Geriatr Med 10:753–760. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-019-00223-y

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Nakamori M, Imamura E, Fukuta M et al (2022) Tongue thickness measured by ultrasonography is associated with tongue pressure in the Japanese elderly. PLoS ONE 15:e0230224. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. González-Fernández M, Arbones-Mainar JM, Ferrer-Lahuerta E et al (2021) Ultrasonographic measurement of masseter muscle thickness associates with oral phase dysphagia in institutionalized elderly individuals. Dysphagia 6:1031–1039. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-020-10234-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Wakabayashi H, Kishima M, Itoda M (2021) Improvement of swallowing-related muscle mass assessed by ultrasonography in malnourished patient with Wallenberg syndrome: a case report. J Gen Fam 22:341–434. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgf2.428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Umeki K, Watanabe Y, Hirano H (2016) Relationship between masseter muscle thickness and skeletal muscle Mmass in elderly persons requiring nursing care in North East Japan. Int J Oral-Med Sci 15:152–159. https://doi.org/10.5466/ijoms.15.152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Mori T, Wakabayashi H, Ogawa N et al (2021) The mass of geniohyoid muscle is associated with maximum tongue pressure and tongue area in patients with sarcopenic dysphagia. J Nutr Health Aging 25:356–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-020-1528-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kunieda K, Fujishima I, Wakabayashi H et al (2021) Relationship between tongue pressure and pharyngeal function assessed using high-resolution manometry in older dysphagia patients with sarcopenia: a pilot study. Dysphagia 36:33–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-020-10095-1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kunieda K, Ohno T, Fujishima I et al (2013) Reliability and validity of a tool to measure the severity of dysphagia: the food intake LEVEL scale. J Pain Symptom Manage 46(2):201–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2012.07.020

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Landi F, Schneider SM et al (2014) Prevalence of and interventions for sarcopenia in aging adults: a systematic review. Report of the international sarcopenia initiative (EWGSOP and IWGS). Age Aging 43:748–759. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afu115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J et al (2019) Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing 48:16–31. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy169

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P et al (2020) Asian working group for sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment. J Am Med Dir Assoc 21:300–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.12.012

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D et al (1998) Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol 147:755–763. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009520

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Chien MY, Huang TY, Wu YT (2008) Prevalence of sarcopenia estimated using a bioelectrical impedance analysis prediction equation in community-dwelling elderly people in Taiwan. J Am Geriatr Soc 56:1710–1715. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01854.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Kanda Y (2013) Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software ‘EZR’ for medical statistics. Bone Marrow Transpl 48:452–458. https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2012.244

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Institute for Statistics and Mathematics of Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien. The Comprehensive R Archive Network.. Accessed 1 Feb 2023.

  30. Modified_R_Commander. (Free ware) Accessed 1 Feb 2023.

  31. Research Committee on Reference Values for Physical Measurements of the Japanese Society for Nutritional Assessment (2002) Japanese Anthropometric Reference Data 2001 (JARD2001). Jpn J Nutr Assess 19:1–81. (in Japanese)

Download references

Acknowledgements

HEALTH TECHNOLOGY Co., Ltd provided equipment for evaluation and supported data collection. Fukushima Medical Device Development support center supported data collection. Department of Rehabilitation, Southern Tohoku General Hospital and the Department of Rehabilitation, Southern Tohoku Daini Hospital cooperated on data collection.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Southern Tohoku General Hospital, Yatsuyamada 7-115, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan

    Takashi Mori, Yukari Ishikawa & Yuto Saito

  2. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

    Hidetaka Wakabayashi & Takashi Shigematsu

  3. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hamamatsu City Rehabilitation Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan

    Ichiro Fujishima & Kenjiro Kunieda

  4. Fukushima Medical Device Development Support Centre, Fukushima, Japan

    Risa Narabu

  5. Department of Food and Health Science, Faculty of Health and Human Development, The University of Nagano, Nagano, Japan

    Akio Shimizu

  6. Department of Rehabilitation, Japanese Red Cross Society Suwa Hospital, Nagano, Japan

    Fumiko Oshima

  7. Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Osaka Dental University Hospital, Osaka, Japan

    Masataka Itoda

  8. Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Sumito Ogawa

  9. Department of Dentistry, Hamamatsu City Rehabilitation Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan

    Tomohisa Ohno

  10. Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan

    Minoru Yamada

  11. Department of Neurology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

    Kenjiro Kunieda

  12. Sakaue Dental Office, Tokyo, Japan

    Nami Ogawa

  13. Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Service, Nagasaki Rehabilitation Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan

    Shinta Nishioka

  14. Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan

    Kazuki Fukuma

Authors
  1. Takashi Mori
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hidetaka Wakabayashi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ichiro Fujishima
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Risa Narabu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Akio Shimizu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Fumiko Oshima
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Masataka Itoda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Sumito Ogawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Tomohisa Ohno
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Minoru Yamada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Kenjiro Kunieda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Takashi Shigematsu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Nami Ogawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Shinta Nishioka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Kazuki Fukuma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Yukari Ishikawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Yuto Saito
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Consortia

The Japanese Working Group on Sarcopenic Dysphagia

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Takashi Mori.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee in the Hamamatsu city Rehabilitation Hospital and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all patients. All participants received a written and oral explanation of the study and provided signed consent form.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mori, T., Wakabayashi, H., Fujishima, I. et al. Cutoff value of the geniohyoid muscle mass to identify sarcopenic dysphagia by ultrasonography. Eur Geriatr Med (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-024-00971-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-024-00971-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation