Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Chronic pain in older adults with disabilities is associated with fall-related injuries: a prospective cohort study

  • Research Paper
  • Published:
European Geriatric Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Key summary points

AbstractSection Aim

Determine the association between chronic pain and fall related injuries in older adults with disabilities.

AbstractSection Findings

Chronic pain was significantly associated with fall related injuries in older adults with disabilities.

AbstractSection Message

A greater focus should be given to the treatment of chronic pain in older adults with disabilities to reduce the incidence of falls.

Abstract

Purpose

Previous studies have shown an association between chronic pain and the occurrence of falls in community-dwelling older adults; however, the association between chronic pain and fall-related injuries in older adults with disabilities is unclear. This study aimed to determine the association between chronic pain and fall-related injuries in older adults with disabilities.

Methods

This 24-month prospective cohort study included older adults aged 65 years or older using Japanese long-term care insurance services. Chronic pain, defined as "pain that has persisted for more than three months to date,” was assessed using a face-to-face questionnaire. Fall-related injuries, defined as "injuries requiring hospitalization or outpatient treatment due to a fall," were assessed using a fall calendar. Data were analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model, with fall-related injury as the dependent variable, chronic pain as the independent variable, and confounders as covariates.

Results

Among 133 included participants, 15 experienced fall-related injuries. After adjusting for age and sex as covariates, chronic pain was significantly associated with fall-related injuries (hazard ratio: 5.487, 95% confidence interval: 1.211–24.853, p = 0.027).

Conclusions

Chronic pain was associated with fall-related injuries in older adults with disabilities. In this population, a greater focus should be placed on treating chronic pain to reduce the occurrence of falls.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data and materials

The data that support the findings of this study are available from [Medical corporation: fujihana-kai] but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of [Medical corporation: fujihana-kai].

References

  1. Yan J, Wang M, Cao Y (2022) Patterns of multimorbidity in association with falls among the middle-aged and older adults: results from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. BMC Public Health 22:1814. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14124-6

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Yano S, Sheik AM, Yu A, Okuyama K, Takeda M et al (2021) Effect of multimorbidity on fragility fractures in community-dwelling older adults: Shimane CoHRE study. J Clin Med 10:3225. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10153225

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Choi NG, Choi BY, DiNitto DM, Marti CN, Kunik ME (2019) Fall-related emergency department visits and hospitalizations among community-dwelling older adults: examination of health problems and injury characteristics. BMC Geriatr 19:303. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1329-2

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Liow MHL, Ganesan G, Chen JDY, Koh JSB, Howe TS, Yong EL et al (2021) Excess mortality after hip fracture: fracture or pre-fall comorbidity? Osteoporos Int 32:2485–2492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-021-06023-0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Peterson AB, Kegler SR (2020) Deaths from fall-related traumatic brain injury—United States, 2008–2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 69:225–230. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6909a2

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Wang Q, Jiang X, Shen Y, Yao P, Chen J, Zhou Y et al (2020) Effectiveness of exercise intervention on fall-related fractures in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Getriatr 20:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01721-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Thanapluetiwong S, Chewcharat A, Takkavatakarn K, Praditpornsilpa K, Eiam-Ong S, Susantitaphong P (2020) Vitamin D supplement on prevention of fall and fracture: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000021506

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Drahota A, Felix LM, Raftery J, Keenan B, Lachance CC, Mackey DC et al (2022) Shock-absorbing flooring for fall-related injury prevention in older adults and staff in hospitals and care homes: the safest systematic review. Health Technol Assess. https://doi.org/10.3310/zowl2323

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Galliker ES, Laing AC, Ferguson SJ, Helgason B, Fleps I (2022) The influence of fall direction and hip protector on fracture risk: FE model predictions driven by experimental data. Ann Biomed Eng 50:278–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-022-02917-0

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Jacob L, Shin JI, Kostev K, Haro JM, López-Sánchez GF, Smith L et al (2022) Prospective association between multimorbidity and falls and its mediators: findings from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. J Clin Med 11:4470. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154470

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Lee SH, Yu S (2020) Effectiveness of multifactorial interventions in preventing falls among older adults in the community: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Stud 106:103564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103564

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Hu ZC, Tang Q, Sang CM, Tang L, Li X, Zheng G et al (2019) Comparison of fracture risk using different supplemental doses of vitamin D, calcium or their combination: a network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open 9:e024595. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024595

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Cai Y, Leveille SG, Shi L, Chen P, You T. Chronic pain and circumstances of falls in community-living older adults: an exploratory study. Age Ageing. 2022;51:afab261. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afab261.

  14. Honda H, Ashizawa R, Take K, Hirase T, Arizono S, Yoshimoto Y (2022) Effect of chronic pain on the occurrence of falls in older adults with disabilities: a prospective cohort study. Physiother Theor Pract. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2022.2141597

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Choi SM, Kim BC, Jung HJ, Yoon GJ, Kang KW, Choi KH, Cho KH (2017) The association of musculoskeletal pain with bone mineral density in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Eur Neurol 77(3–4):123–129. https://doi.org/10.1159/000455009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Emery CF, Finkel D, Aslan AKD (2022) Bidirectional associations between body mass and bodily pain among middle-aged and older adults. Pain 163(10):2061–2067. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002603

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Otones P, García E, Sanz T, Pedraz A (2020) A physical activity program versus usual care in the management of quality of life for pre-frail older adults with chronic pain: randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr 20:396. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01805-3

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Mimi MY, Tang SK, Wan VT, Vong SK (2014) The effectiveness of physical exercise training in pain, mobility, and psychological well-being of older persons living in nursing homes. Pain Manag Nurs 15:778–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2013.08.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Onish K (2011) Preventive care strategies based on disease prevalence among Japanese urban elderly: focus on disease prevention in mildly frail elders with long-term care insurance. Jpn Hosp 30:67–75

    Google Scholar 

  20. Onishi K (2011) Main medical conditions of frail elderly patients that require intensive care under the Japanese long-term care insurance (LTCI) system: a comparison with German LTCI. Jpn Hosp 30:77–83

    Google Scholar 

  21. Yamada M, Arai H (2020) Long-term care system in Japan. Ann Geriatr Med Res 24:174–180. https://doi.org/10.4235/agmr.20.0037

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Escobar JI, Burnam A, Karno M, Forsythe A, Landsverk J, Golding JM (1986) Use of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in a community population of mixed ethnicity. Cultural and linguistic artifacts. J Nerv Ment Dis. 174:607–614. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198610000-00005

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Fillingim RB, Loeser JD, Baron R, Edwards RR (2016) Assessment of chronic pain: domains, methods, and mechanisms. J Pain 17(Suppl):T10-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2015.08.010

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Williamson A, Hoggart BBB (2005) Pain: a review of three commonly used pain rating scales. J Clin Nurs 14:798–804. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2005.01121.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Lamb SE, Jørstad-Stein EC, Hauer K, Becker C (2005) Prevention of Falls Network Europe and Outcomes Consensus Group. Europe and Outcomes Consensus Group Development of a common outcome data set for fall injury prevention trials: the Prevention of Falls Network Europe consensus. J Am Geriatr Soc. 53:1618–1622. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53455.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Ganz DA, Higashi T, Rubenstein LZ (2005) Monitoring falls in cohort studies of community-dwelling older people: effect of the recall interval. J Am Geriatr Soc 53:2190–2194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00509.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Groll DL, To T, Bombardier C, Wright JG (2005) The development of a comorbidity index with physical function as the outcome. J Clin Epidemiol 58:595–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.10.018

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Mills SE, Nicolson KP, Smith BH (2019) Chronic pain: a review of its epidemiology and associated factors in population-based studies. Br J Anaesth 123:e273–e283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2019.03.023

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Johnson S, Kelly S, Rasali D (2015) Differences in fall injury hospitalization and related survival rates among older adults across age, sex, and areas of residence in Canada. Inj Epidemiol 2:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40621-015-0056-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Ren J, Waclawczyk A, Hartfield D, Yu S, Kuang X, Zhang H et al (2014) Analysis of fall injuries by body mass index. South Med J 107:294–300. https://doi.org/10.1097/smj.0000000000000097

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Lin WQ, Lin L, Sun SY, Yuan LX, Sun MY, Wang C et al (2023) Prevalence of falls, injury from falls and associations with chronic diseases among community-dwelling older adults in Guangzhou, China: a cross-sectional study. Front Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1251858

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Van Stralen KJ, Dekker FW, Zoccali C, Jager KJ (2010) Confounding. Nephron Clin Pract 116:c143–c147. https://doi.org/10.1159/000315883

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Podsiadlo D, Richardson S (1991) The timed “UP & Go”: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 39:142–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Gafner SC, Allet L, Hilfiker R, Bastiaenen CHG (2021) Reliability and diagnostic accuracy of commonly used performance tests relative to fall history in older persons: a systematic review. Clin Interv Aging 16:1591–1616. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S322506

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Bohannon RW, Larkin PA, Cook AC, Gear J, Singer J (1984) Decrease in timed balance test scores with aging. Phys Ther 64:1067–1070. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/64.7.1067

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lord SR, Murray SM, Chapman K, Munro B, Tiedemann A (2002) Sit-to-stand performance depends on sensation, speed, balance, and psychological status in addition to strength in older people. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 57:M539–M543. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/57.8.m539

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR (1975) ‘Mini-mental state’. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 12:189–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Beaudreau SA, Spira AP, Stewart A, Kezirian EJ, Lui LY, Ensrud K et al (2012) Validation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale in older black and white women. Sleep Med 13:36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2011.04.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Doi Y, Minowa M, Uchiyama M, Okawa M, Kim K, Shibui K et al (2000) Psychometric assessment of subjective sleep quality using the Japanese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-J) in psychiatric disordered and control subjects. Psychiatry Res 97:165–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00232-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Dokuzlar O, Soysal P, Usarel C, Isik AT (2018) The evaluation and design of a short depression screening tool in Turkish older adults. Int Psychogeriatr 30:1541–1548. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610218000236

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Sugishita K, Sugishita M, Hemmi I, Asada T, Tanigawa T (2017) A validity and reliability study of the Japanese version of the Geriatric Depression Scale 15 (GDS-15-J). Clin Gerontol 40:233–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2016.1199452

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Sheikh JI, Yesavage JA (1986) Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical gerontologist. Aging Ment Health 5:165–173

    Google Scholar 

  43. Rubenstein LZ, Harker JO, Salvà A, Guigoz Y, Vellas B (2001) Screening for undernutrition in geriatric practice: developing the short-form mini-nutritional assessment (MNA-SF). J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56:M366–M372. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/56.6.m366

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Cai Y, Leveille SG, Shi L, Chen P, You T (2021) Chronic pain and risk of injurious falls in community-dwelling older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 76:e179–e186. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa249

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Dragioti E, Larsson B, Bernfort L, Levin LÅ, Gerdle B (2016) Prevalence of different pain categories based on pain spreading on the bodies of older adults in Sweden: a descriptive-level and multilevel association with demographics, comorbidities, medications, and certain lifestyle factors (PainS65+). J Pain Res 9:1131–1141. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S119845

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Honda H, Ashizawa R, Kiriyama K, Take K, Hirase T, Arizono S et al (2022) Chronic pain in the frail elderly mediates sleep disorders and influences falls. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 99:104582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2021.104582

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Hirase T, Okubo Y, Menant J, Lord SR, Sturnieks DL (2020) Impact of pain on reactive balance and falls in community-dwelling older adults: a prospective cohort study. Age Ageing 49:982–988. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afaa070

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Ogawa EF, Shi L, Bean JF, Hausdorff JM, Dong Z, Manor B et al (2020) Chronic pain characteristics and gait in older adults: the MOBILIZE Boston Study II. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 101:418–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2019.09.010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Cai Y, Leveille SG, Hausdorff JM, Bean JF, Manor B, McLean RR et al (2021) Chronic musculoskeletal pain and foot reaction time in older adults. J Pain 22:76–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2020.05.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hicks C, Levinger P, Menant JC, Lord SR, Sachdev PS, Brodaty H et al (2020) Reduced strength, poor balance and concern about falls mediate the relationship between knee pain and fall risk in older people. BMC Geriatr 20:94. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-1487-2

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Choi SM, Kim BC, Jung HJ, Yoon GJ, Kang KW, Choi KH et al (2017) The association of musculoskeletal pain with bone mineral density in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Eur Neurol 77:123–129. https://doi.org/10.1159/000455009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ikemoto T, Hayashi K, Arai YC, Nishihara M, Inoue S, Inoue M et al (2019) The relationship between musculoskeletal pain and picky eating: the role of negative self-labeling. Pain Ther 8:101–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40122-019-0116-2

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Tse AWW, Ward S, McNeil JJ, Barker A, Cicuttini F, Fitzgibbon BM et al (2022) Severe low back or lower limb pain is associated with recurrent falls among older Australians. Eur J Pain 26:1923–1937. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.2013

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Burgess HJ, Burns JW, Buvanendran A, Gupta R, Chont M, Kennedy M et al (2019) Associations between sleep disturbance and chronic pain intensity and function: a test of direct and indirect pathways. Clin J Pain 35:569. https://doi.org/10.1097/ajp.0000000000000711

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Kitayuguchi J, Kamada M, Hamano T, Nabika T, Shiwaku K, Kamioka H et al (2016) Association between knee pain and gait speed decline in rural J apanese community-dwelling older adults: 1-year prospective cohort study. Geriatr Gerontol Int 16:55–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12432

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Burnett W, Kontulainen S, McLennan C, Hazel D, Talmo C, Hunter D et al (2016) Patella bone density is lower in knee osteoarthritis patients experiencing moderate-to-severe pain at rest. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 16:33

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Knopp-Sihota JA, MacGregor T, Reeves JT, Kennedy M, Saleem A (2022) Management of chronic pain in long-term care: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc 23:1507–1516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2022.04.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Marris D, Theophanous K, Cabezon P, Dunlap Z, Donaldson M (2021) The impact of combining pain education strategies with physical therapy interventions for patients with chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Physiother Theory Pract 37:461–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2019.1633714

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Zazzara MB, Palmer K, Vetrano DL, Carfì A, Graziano O (2021) Adverse drug reactions in older adults: a narrative review of the literature. Eur Geriatr Med 12:463–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-021-00481-9

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Yue Q, Ma Y, Teng Y, Zhu Y, Liu H, Xu S et al (2020) An updated analysis of opioids increasing the risk of fractures. PLoS ONE 15:e0220216. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220216

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Peduzzi P, Concato J, Feinstein AR, Holford TR (1995) Importance of events per independent variable in proportional hazards regression analysis II. Accuracy and precision of regression estimates. J Clin Epidemiol. 48:1503–1510. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(95)00048-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Vittinghoff E, McCulloch CE (2007) Relaxing the rule of ten events per variable in logistic and Cox regression. Am J Epidemiol 165:710–718. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwk052

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Booker SQ, Herr KA (2016) Assessment and measurement of pain in adults in later life. Clin Geriatr Med 32:677–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2016.06.012

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the work of the past and present members of our laboratory.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Rehabilitation Science, Seirei Christopher University Graduate School, 3453 Mikatahara-cho, Kita-ku, Hamamatsu-shi, Shizuoka, 433-8558, Japan

    Hiroya Honda & Yuto Kameyama

  2. Department of Rehabilitation, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan

    Ryota Ashizawa

  3. Division of Physical Therapy Science, Graduate Course of Health and Social Work, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Yokosuka, Japan

    Tatsuya Hirase

  4. School of Rehabilitation Science, Seirei Christopher University, Hamamtsu, Japan

    Shinichi Arizono & Yoshinobu Yoshimoto

Authors
  1. Hiroya Honda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ryota Ashizawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yuto Kameyama
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Tatsuya Hirase
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Shinichi Arizono
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yoshinobu Yoshimoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

HH performed conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, supervision, visualization, and writing original draft. RA performed conceptualization, methodology, supervision, validation, and writing review & editing. YK performed data curation, investigation, and project administration. TH performed validation, writing review & editing. SA performed validation, writing review & editing. YY performed conceptualization, methodology, supervision, validation, writing review & editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hiroya Honda.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Informed consent was provided by all participants. The study was conducted with the approval of the Ethical Review Committee of Seirei Christopher University (certification number: 21056).

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

None.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Honda, H., Ashizawa, R., Kameyama, Y. et al. Chronic pain in older adults with disabilities is associated with fall-related injuries: a prospective cohort study. Eur Geriatr Med (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-024-00965-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-024-00965-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation