Skip to main content

Forecasting the Social Return on Investment Associated with Children’s Participation in Circus-Arts Training on their Mental Health and Well-Being

International Journal of the Sociology of Leisure volume 2, pages 163–193 (2019)Cite this article

Abstract

The early and middle years of childhood are recognised as being pivotal in ensuring positive cognitive development throughout life, resulting in healthier societies. Healthier societies can mean a reduction in lifestyle related illness and therefore potentially reduce reliance on healthcare resources. The purpose of this study was to forecast the Social Return on Investment (SROI) associated with children’s participation in a circus-arts program on their mental health and well-being. A mixed method approach was adopted for this study. Key stakeholders were children aged between 9 and 14 years. Children were surveyed (n = 23) and participated in focus group (n = 55) interviews, prior to and after, six months of circus-arts training. The questionnaire used was the internationally validated Kidscreen-27. Focus group interviews asked children their beliefs about how circus made them feel and benefits of participating in circus-arts training. Results from the pre/post survey indicated some positive improvements occurred concerning children’s’ self-perceptions of personal health, though not statistically significant. Focus group results indicated positive impacts for children’s mental wellbeing, socialisation skills, physical enjoyment and resilience. The SROI analysis found that for every one dollar invested, $7 of social return may be generated due to participation in a circus-arts program. Improvement occurred across four key areas concerning children’s mental health and well-being; stress relief, self-esteem, confidence and socialisation. Findings from this study indicate the value of investment in the performing arts, highlighting the importance the circus-arts for children’s mental health. Associated impacts to improving children’s self-esteem, confidence along with relieving stress are identified as decreasing the potential costs of treating associated illnesses: such as depression and anxiety. Improvements in socialisation have been linked to costs associated to social dysfunction: such as crime and incarceration.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Notes

  1. Figures have been rounded to whole numbers

References

  • Agans, J., Champine, R., Johnson, S., Erickson, K., & Yalin, C. (2015). Promoting healthy lifestyles through youth activity participation: Lessons from research. In E. P. Bowers, G. J. Geldhof, S. K. Johnson, L. J. Hilliard, R. M. Hershberg, J. V. Lerner, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Promoting positive youth development (pp. 137–158). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Amrhein, V., & Greenland, S. (2018). Remove, rather than redefine, statistical significance. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(1), 4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, M., Birnit-Lefcovitch, S., & Unger, M. (2005). Pathways between social support, family well being, quality of parenting, and child resilience: What we know. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 14(2), 269–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arvidson, M., Lyon, F., McKay, S., & Moro, D. (2010). The ambitions and challenges of SROI. Third Sector Research Centre. http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/generic/tsrc/documents/tsrc/working-papers/working-paper-49.pdf. Accessed March 3 2017.

  • Arvidson, M., Lyon, F., McKay, S., & Moro, D. (2013). Valuing the social? The nature and controversies of measuring social return on investment (SROI). Voluntary Sector Review, 4(1), 3–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aubertin, P. (2013). Circus and physical literacy. Banff, Canada: International Physical Literacy Conference http://www.is4ls.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/IPLC-At-a-Glance-Full-Program_Apr-10.pdf. Accessed 1 May 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Recorded Crime - Offenders, 2014–15, Cat. no. 4519.0. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Australian Institute of Criminology. (2014). Criminal justice resources. Australian Government: Australian Institute of Criminology http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/facts/1-20/2013/7_resources.html. Accessed 1 May 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2016). Australia’s Health 2016, Australian institute of health and. Australian Government: Welfare http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=60129555788. Accessed 3 February 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banke-Thomas, A. O., Madaj, B., Charles, A., & van den Broek, N. (2015). Social return on investment (SROI) methodology to account for value for money of public health interventions: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barlati, A. (2017). Circus disciplines, National Circus School Montreal. http://ecolenationaledecirque.ca/en/school/circus-disciplines. Accessed 3 February 2017.

  • Barnes-Smith, D., Frotz, J., Ito, H., Kohorst, J., & Vascimini, E. (2015). Expressive Arts as a Means of Increasing Well-Being in Children. Honours thesis, Missoula: University of Montana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batorowicz, B., King, G., Mishra, L., & Missiuna, C. (2016). An integrated model of social environment and social context for pediatric rehabilitation. Disability and Rehabilitation, 38(12), 1204–1215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bean, C., Fortier, M., Post, C., & Chima, K. (2014). Understanding how organized youth sport may be harming individual players within the family unit: A literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(10), 10226–10268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bénabou, R., & Tirole, J. (2002). Self-confidence and personal motivation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(1), 871–915.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernardi, F., Chakhaia, L., & Leopold, L. (2017). ‘Sing me a song with social significance’: The (mis) use of statistical significance testing in European sociological research. European Sociological Review, 33(1), 1–15.

  • Biddle, S., & Asare, M. (2011). Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: A review of reviews. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(1), 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biddle, S., & Mutrie, N. (2007). Psychology of physical activity: Determinants, well-being and interventions (2nd ed.). Londom: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bjorgen, K. (2015). Children's well-being and involvement in physically active outdoors play in a Norwegian kindergarten: Playful sharing of physical experiences. Child Care in Practice, 21(4), 305–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blascovich, J., & Tomaka, J. (1991). Measures of self-esteem. In J. Robinson, P. Shaver, & L. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 115–160). San Diego: Academic Press Inc..

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Boden, J., Fergusson, D., & Horwood, L. (2008). Does adolescent self-esteem predict later life outcomes? A test of the causal role of self-esteem. Development and Psychopathology, 20(1), 319–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolton, R. (2004). Why circus works: How the values and structures of circus make it a significant developmental experience for young people. PhD thesis, Perth: Murdoch University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyer, B., & Nelson, J. (2015). Longitudinal associations of childhood parenting and adolescent health: The mediating influence of social competence. Child Development, 86(3), 828–843.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, H., Pearson, N., Braithwaite, R., Brown, W., & Biddle, S. (2013). Physical activity interventions and depression in children and adolescents. Sports Medicine, 43(3), 195–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, H., Atkin, A., Panter, J., Wong, G., Chinapaw, M., & Sluijs, E. (2016). Family-based interventions to increase physical activity in children: A systematic review, meta-analysis and realist synthesis. Obesity Reviews, 17(4), 345–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryman, A. (2006). Integrating quantitative and qualitative research: How is it done? Qualitative Research, 6(1), 97–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bungay, H., & Vella-Burrows, T. (2013). The effects of participating in creative activities on the health and well-being of children and young people: A rapid review of the literature. Perspectives in Public Health, 133(1), 44–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burkhardt, J., & Brennan, C. (2012). The effects of recreational dance interventions on the health and well-being of children and young people: A systematic review. Arts & Health, 4(2), 148–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cadwell, S. J. (2018). Falling together: An examination of trust-building in youth and social circus training. Theatre, Dance and Performance Training, 9(1), 19–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cirkidz. (2018a). Circus Classes. Adelaide: Cirkidz http://www.cirkidz.org.au/. Accessed 9 April 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cirkidz. (2018b). Circus Classes. Adelaide: Cirkidz http://www.cirkidz.org.au/circus-school/circus-classes. Accessed 9 April 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cirque Du Soleil (2015). Social Circus: Cirque du Monde. https://www.cirquedusoleil.com/en/about/global-citizenship/social-circus/cirque-du-monde.aspx. Accessed 3 May 2017.

  • Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. Saint Louis: Elsevier Science.

  • Connolly, M. K., Quin, E., & Redding, E. (2011). Dance 4 your life: Exploring the health and well-being implications of a contemporary dance intervention for female adolescents. Research in Dance Education, 12(1), 53–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cramer, D., & Howitt, D. (2004). The Sage dictionary of statistics. London: SAGE.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J., & Plano-Clark, V. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). London: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Criss, E. (2011). Dance all night: Motivation in education. Music Educators Journal, 97(3), 61–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Culture has an Impact. (2014). Refereed proceedings of the 2013 culture has an impact! Seminar: Studying Social Circus – Openings and Perspectives http://www.uta.fi/cmt/index/Studying_Social_Circus.pdf. Accessed 16 March 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, C., Rosenberg, M., Knuiman, M., Ferguson, R., Pikora, T., & Slatter, N. (2012). Defining arts engagement for population-based health research: Art forms, activities and level of engagement. Arts Health, 4(3), 203–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, C., Knuiman, M., & Rosenberg, M. (2016). The art of being mentally healthy: A study to quantify the relationship between recreational arts engagement and mental well-being in the general population. BMC Public Health, 16(15), 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daykin, N., Orme, J., Evans, D., Salmon, D., McEachran, M., & Brain, S. (2008). The impact of participation in performing arts on adolescent health and behaviour a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Health Psychology, 13(2), 251–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dollard, M., & Neser, D. (2013). Worker health is good for the economy: Union density and psychosocial safety climate as determinants of country differences in worker health and productivity in 31 European countries. Social Science & Medicine, 92(1), 114–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eiser, C., & Varni, J. (2013). Health-related quality of life and symptom reporting: Similarities and differences between children and their parents. European Journal of Pediatrics, 172(10), 1299–1304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fazzi, L. (2012). Social enterprises, models of governance and the production of welfare services. Public Management Review, 14(3), 359–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes, R. C., & Dittrich, A. (2018). Expanding the behavior-analytic meanings of “freedom”: The contributions of Israel Goldiamond. Behavior and Social Issues, 27, 4–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fineberg, H. (2012). A successful and sustainable health system—How to get there from here. New England Journal of Medicine, 366(11), 1020–1027.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greene, J., Caracelli, V., & Graham, W. (1989). Toward a conceptual framework for mixed-method evaluation designs. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 11(3), 255–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, M., Millo, Y., & Barman, E. (2015). Who and what really counts? Stakeholder prioritization and accounting for social value. Journal of Management Studies, 52(7), 907–934.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heller, C., & Taglialatela, L. A. (2018). Circus arts therapy fitness and play therapy program shows positive clinical results. International Journal of Play Therapy, 27(2), 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Himmler, O., & Koenig, T. (2012). Self-evaluations and performance: Evidence from adolescence. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/73104/1/dp-507.pdf. Accessed 4 March 2017.

  • Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. (2006). Examining the relationship between low empathy and bullying. Aggressive Behavior, 32(1), 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H. (2005). Reconceptualising resilience. In S. Goldstein & R. Brooks (Eds.), Resilience in children (2nd ed., pp. 39–55). Springer: New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kerri, M., Kerr, P., Cheater, F., & Morgan, A. (2013). The role and impact of social capital on the health and wellbeing of children and adolescents: A systematic review. Glasgow Caledonian University http://www.gcph.co.uk/assets/0000/3647/Social_capital_final_2013.pdf. Accessed 4 April 2017.

  • Keyes, C. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Konnopka, A., Leichsenring, F., Leibing, E., & König, H. (2009). Cost-of-illness studies and cost-effectiveness analyses in anxiety disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 114(1), 14–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, J. (2011). Using mixed methods to establish the social validity of a self-report assessment: An illustration using the child occupational self-assessment. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 5(1), 52–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laible, D., & Thompson, R. (2014). Early socialization: The influence of close relationships. In J. E. Grusec & P. D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (pp. 35–59). New York: Guildford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, D., Johnson, S., Hafekost, J., de Haan, K., Sawyer, M., Ainley, J., & Zubrick, S. (2015). The mental health of children and adolescents: Report on the second Australian child and adolescent survey of mental health and wellbeing. Australian Government: Department of Health http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/mental-pubs-m-child2. Accessed 1 March 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Littlefield, L., Cavanagh, S., Knapp, R., & O’Grady, L. (2017). KidsMatter: Building the capacity of Australian primary schools and early childhood services to foster children’s social and emotional skills and promote children’s mental health. In E. Frydenberg, A. Martin, & R. Collie (Eds.), Social and emotional learning in Australia and the Asia-Pacific (pp. 293–311). Singapore: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Loiselle, F., Rochette, A., Tétreault, S., Lafortune, M., & Bastien, J. (2018). Social circus program (cirque du Soleil) promoting social participation of young people living with physical disabilities in transition to adulthood: A qualitative pilot study. Developmental Neurorehabilitation. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518423.2018.1474502.

  • Luppa, M., Heinrich, S., Angermeyer, M., König, H., & Riedel-Heller, S. (2007). Cost-of-illness studies of depression: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 98(1), 29–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maddux, J. (2014). Mental health and self-esteem. In W. Cockerham, R. Dingwall, & S. Quah (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of health, illness, behavior, and society (pp. 1525–1528). Milton: Wiley.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Maier, F., Schober, C., Simsa, R., & Millner, R. (2014). SROI as a method for evaluation research: Understanding merits and limitations. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-014-9490-x.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, M., Hosman, C., Schaalma, H., & De Vries, N. (2004). Self-esteem in a broad-spectrum approach for mental health promotion. Health Education Research, 19(4), 357–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martlew, J., & Grogan, D. (2013). Reach for the stars!: Creative engagement with young children. Early Child Development & Care, 183(8), 1029–1041.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Millar, R., & Hall, K. (2013). Social return on investment (SROI) and performance measurement. Public Management Review, 15(6), 923–941.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milne, J., & Oberle, K. (2005). Enhancing rigor in qualitative description. Journal of Wound Ostomy & Continence Nursing, 32(6), 413–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, M., Gibbs, S., Maxwell, K., & Britten, N. (2002). Hearing children's voices: Methodological issues in conducting focus groups with children aged 7-11 years. Qualitative Research, 2(1), 5–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neergaard, M., Olesen, F., Andersen, R., & Sondergaard, J. (2009). Qualitative description–the poor cousin of health research? BMC Medical Research Methodology, 9(1), 1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neff, K. (2011). Self-compassion, self-esteem, and well-being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(1), 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, J., Lawlor, E., Neitzert, E., & Goodspeed, T. (2012) A guide to social return on investment. Social Value UK. http://socialvalueuk.org/what-is-sroi/the-sroi-guide. Accessed 16 January 2017.

  • Owen, K., Smith, J., Lubans, D., Ng, J., & Lonsdale, C. (2014). Self-determined motivation and physical activity in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine, 67(1), 270–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS Survival Manual (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pathak, P., & Dattani, P. (2014). Social return on investment: Three technical challenges. Social Enterprise Journal, 10(2), 91–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Productivity Commission (2015). Report on government services 2015: Corrective services. Australian Government. http://www.pc.gov.au/research/ongoing/report-on-government-services/2015/justice/corrective-services/rogs-2015-volumec-chapter8.pdf. Accessed 5 February 2017.

  • Quiroga Murcia, C., Kreutz, G., Clift, S., & Bongard, S. (2010). Shall we dance? An exploration of the perceived benefits of dancing on well-being. Arts & Health, 2(2), 149–163.

  • Qvortrup, J., Corsaro, W. A., Honig, M. S., & Valentine, G. (Eds.). (2009). The Palgrave handbook of childhood studies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravens-Sieberer, U., Auquier, P., Erhart, M., Gosch, A., Rajmil, L., Bruil, J., Power, M., Duer, W., Cloetta, B., Czemy, L., & Mazur, J. (2007). The KIDSCREEN-27 quality of life measure for children and adolescents: Psychometric results from a cross-cultural survey in 13 European countries. Quality of Life Research, 16(8), 1347–1356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ravens-Sieberer, U., Herdman, M., Devine, J., Otto, C., Bullinger, M., Rose, M., & Klasen, F. (2014). The European KIDSCREEN approach to measure quality of life and well-being in children: Development, current application, and future advances. Quality of Life Research, 23(3), 791–803.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Repetti, R., Taylor, S., & Seeman, T. (2002). Risky families: Family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychological Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.330.

  • Retolaza, J., San-Jose, L., & Ruíz-Roqueni, M. (2016). Main problem in displaying the social value generated by organizations. In Social Accounting for Sustainability (pp. 11-13). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13377-5.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rivard, J., Bourgeault, G., & Mercier, C. (2010). Cirque du monde in Mexico City: Breathing new life into action for young people in difficult situations. International Social Science Journal, 61(199), 181–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robitail, S., Ravens-Sieberer, U., Simeoni, M., Rajmil, L., Bruil, J., Power, M., & Czimbalmos, A. (2007). Testing the structural and cross-cultural validity of the KIDSCREEN-27 quality of life questionnaire. Quality of Life Research, 16(8), 1335–1345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rotheroe, N., & Richards, A. (2007). Social return on investment and social enterprise: Transparent accountability for sustainable development. Social Enterprise Journal, 3(1), 31–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salkind, N. J. (2010). Encyclopedia of research design. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sandelowski, M. (2010). What's in a name? Qualitative description revisited. Research in Nursing & Health, 33(1), 77–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seymour, K. (2012). How circus training can enhance the well-being of autistic children and their families. Masthers Thesis: Queensland, Australia, Griffith University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sowislo, J. F., & Orth, U. (2013). Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin Issue, 139(1), 213–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spiegel, J. B., & Parent, S. N. (2017). Re-approaching community development through the arts: A ‘critical mixed methods’ study of social circus in Quebec. Community Development Journal. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsx015.

  • Spiegel, J., Breilh, M.-C., Campan, A., Marcuse, J., & Yassi, A. (2015). Social circus and health equity: Exploring the national social circus program in Ecuador. Arts & Health, 7(1), 65–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stults-Kolehmainen, M., & Sinha, R. (2014). The effects of stress on physical activity and exercise. Sports Medicine, 44(1), 81–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale, S. (2011). What’s in a name? Making sense of social enterprise discourses. Public Policy and Administration, 27(2), 99–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The Centre for Practise as Research in Theatre (2013). Wellbeing effects from social Circus. In K. Kekäläinen & S. Kakko (Eds). Effective Circus Project, University of Tampere. http://acapta.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/wellbeing-effects-from-social-circus.pdf. Accessed 4 January 2017.

  • The KIDSCREEN Group Europe. (2006). The KIDSCREEN questionnaires - quality of life questionnaires for children and adolescents handbook. Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thoits, P. (2010). Stress and health major findings and policy implications. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(1), S41–S53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thoits, P. (2013). Self, identity, stress, and mental health. In C. Aneshensel, J. Phelan, & A. Bierman (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of mental health (pp. 357–377). Netherlands: Springer, Netherlands.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Trzesniewski, K., Donnellan, M., Moffitt, T., Robins, R., Poulton, R., & Caspi, A. (2006). Low self-esteem during adolescence predicts poor health, criminal behavior, and limited economic prospects during adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 381–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Krieken, R., Habibis, D., Smith, P., Hutchins, B., Martin, G., & Maton, K. (2010). Sociology 4 th edn. Pearson Australia: Frenchs Forest.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vazsonyi, A., Roberts, J., Huang, L., & Vaughn, M. (2015). Why focusing on nurture made and still makes sense: The biosocial development of self-control. In M. DeLisi & M. Vaugh (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook of biosocial criminology (pp. 263–279). Abingdon: United Kingdom.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogt, W. P. (2005). Dictionary of statistics & methodology 3rd Edn. SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412983907.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Health Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia

    Richard McGrath & Kristen Stevens

Authors
  1. Richard McGrath
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kristen Stevens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Richard McGrath.

Ethics declarations

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

McGrath, R., Stevens, K. Forecasting the Social Return on Investment Associated with Children’s Participation in Circus-Arts Training on their Mental Health and Well-Being. Int J Sociol Leis 2, 163–193 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41978-019-00036-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41978-019-00036-0

Keywords

  • SROI
  • Health
  • Wellbeing
  • Circus
  • Arts