Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Der Effekt von Wachstumshormon auf die menschlichen Alterungsprozesse. Teil 2

Effets de l’hormone de croissance sur les processus de vieillissement humains. 2e partie

  • Originalien
  • Published:
Journal für Gynäkologische Endokrinologie/Schweiz Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Eine große Anzahl von Studien weist auf die signifikante Reduktion der Wachstumshormonsekretion und der damit zusammenhängenden IGF-1-Plasmaspiegel während des menschlichen Alterungsprozesses hin. Dies geht mit der Erniedrigung von Muskelmasse, Knochenmasse, Vitalität und dem Verlust von anderen wichtigen physiologischen Funktionen einher. Dazu gehören die Verschlechterung mentaler und kognitiver Funktionen, erhöhte Altersfragilität, ausgeprägte Adipositas, Insulinresistenz, Diabetes Typ 2 und kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen. In dieser Arbeit werden die Effekte von Wachstumshormon auf die Alterungsprozesse dargestellt.

Résumé

De nombreuses études indiquent que le processus de vieillissement humain inclut une réduction significative de la sécrétion d’hormone de croissance en association avec une réduction correspondante du taux plasmatique d’IGF-1. Ces changements sont accompagnés d’une réduction de la masse musculaire, de la masse osseuse et de la vitalité ainsi que d’une perte d’autres fonctions physiologiques importantes. Ceci inclut un déclin des fonctions mentales et cognitives, une plus grande fragilité liée à l’âge, une obésité prononcée, une insulinorésistance, un diabète de type 2 et des complications cardio-vasculaires. Ce travail présente les effets de l’hormone de croissance sur les processus de vieillissement humains.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Literatur

  1. Helmert U, Strube H (2004) Die Entwicklung der Adipositas in Deutschland im Zeitraum von 1985 bis 2002. Gesundheitswesen 66:409–415

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Max Rubner Institut, Bundfesforschungsinstitut für Ernährung (2008) Nationale Verzehrstudie II. www.mri.bund.de/NationaleVerzehrsstudie

  3. Prugger C, Keil U (2007) Entwicklung der Adipositas in Deutschland – Größenordnung, Determinanten und Perspektiven. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 132:892–897

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL (2002) Prevalance and trends on obesity among US adults, 1999–2000. JAMA 288:1723–1727

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bjorntorp P (1993) Visceral obesity: a “civilization syndrome”. Obes Res 1:206–222

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. De Boer H, Blok G‑J, Van der Veen EA (1995) Clinical aspects of growth hormone deficiency in adults. Endocr Rev 16:63–86

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Landin-Wilhelmsen K, Wilhelmsen L, Lappas G et al (1994) Serum insulinlike growth factor I in a random population sample of men and women: relationship to age, sex, smoking habits, coffee consumption and physical activity, blood pressure and concentrations of plasma lipids, fibrinogen, parathyroid hormone and osteocalcin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 41:351–357

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bl H, Berg C, Vogel E, Nowak T, Renzig-Koehler K, Mann K, Saller B (2004) Effects of a combination of recombinant human growth hormone with metformin on glucose metabolism and body composition in patients with metabolic syndrome. Horm Metab Res 36(1):54–61

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Van der Klaauw AA et al (2007) The Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is incerased in patients with GH deficiency, irrespective of long-term substitution with recombinant GH. Eur J Endocrinol 156(4):455–462

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Beauregard C, Utz AL, Schaub AE, Nachtigall L, Biller BM, Miller KK et al (2008) Growth hormone decreases visceral fat and improves cardiovascular risk markers in women with hypopituitarism: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:2063–2071

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Blackman MR, Sorkin JD, Münzer T, Bellantoni MF, Busby-Whitehead J, Stevens TE et al (2002) Growth hormone and sex steroid administration in healthy aged women and men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288:2282–2292

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Johannsson G, Marin P, Lonn L et al (1997) Growth hormone treatment of abdominally obese men reduces abdominal fat mass, improves glucose and lipoprotein metabolism, and reduces diastolic blood pressure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82(3):727–734

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Angelin B, Rudling M (1994) Growth hormone and hepatic lipoprotein metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 5:160–165

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Mekala KC, Tritos NA (2009) Effects of recombinant human growth hormone therapy in obesity in adults: a meta analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(1):130–137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bolli GB, Gerich JE (1984) The “dawn phenomenon”—A common occurrence in both non-insulin-dependent and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 310:746–750

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kotler DP, Muurahainen N, Grunfeld C et al (2004) Effects of growth hormone on abnormal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and dyslipidemia in HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 35(3):239–252

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bengtsson B‑Å (1993) The consequences of growth hormone deficiency in adults. Acta Endocrinol 128(Suppl 2):2–5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Lund S, Flyvbjerg A, Holman GD, Larsen FS, Pedersen O, Schmitz O (1994) Comparative effects of IGF-I and insulin on the glucose transporter system in rat muscle. Am J Physiol 267:E461–E466

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Rudling M, Norstedt G, Olivecrona H, Reihne’r E, Gustafsson J‑Å, Angelin B (1992) Importance of growth hormone for the induction of hepatic low density lipoprotein receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci Usa 89:6983–6987

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Bengtsson B‑Å, Ede’n S, Lönn L et al (1993) Treatment of adults with growth hormone (GH) deficiency with recombinant human GH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76:309–317

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Richelsen B, Pedersen SB, Børglum JD, Møller-Pedersen T, Jørgensen J, Jørgensen JO (1994) Growth hormone treatment of obese women for 5 wk; effect on body composition and adipose tissue LPL activity. Am J Physiol 266:E211–E216

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Rasmussen MH (2010) Obesity, growth hormone and weight loss. Mol Cell Endocrinol 316(2):147–153

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cordido F et al (2010) The decreased growth hormone resposne to growth hormone relasing hormone in obesity is associated to cardiometabolic factors. Mediators Inflamm 2010:434562

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Shadid S, Jensen M (2003) Effects of growth hormone administration in human obesity. Obes Res 11:170–175

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Franco C, Brandberg J et al (2005) Growth hormone treatment reduces abdominal visceral fat in postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity :a 12-month placebo controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol 90(3):1466–1474

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Rasmussen MH (2009) Obesity, growth hormone and weight loss. Mol Cell Endocrinol 316(2):147–201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Lewitt MS (2017) The role of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor system in visceral adiposity. Biochem Insights 10:1178626417703995

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Bredella MA, Gerweck AV, Lin E, Landa MG, Torriani M, Schoenfeld DA, Hemphill LC, Miller KK (2013) Effects of GH on body composition and cardiovascular risk markers in young men with abdominal obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(9):3864–3872

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Bondanelli M, Ambrosio MR, degli Uberti EC (2001) Pathogenesis and prevalence of hypertension in acromegaly. Pituitary 4(4):239–249

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Tivesten A, Barlind A, Caidahl K, Klintland N, Cittadini A, Ohlsson C, Isgaard J (2004) Growth hormone-induced blood pressure decrease is associated with increased mRNA levels of the vascular smooth muscle KATP channel. J Endocrinol 183(1):195–202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Climent Payá V, Marín Ortuño F, Valencia VP, Picó AAM, Martínez Martínez GJ, Quiles Llorens AJ, García de Burgos F, Sogorb Garri F (2001) The Influence of the growth hormone in the profile of blood pressure. Results in adult patients with deficiency in this hormone. Rev Esp Cardiol 54(4):469–475

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Hunt KJ, Lukanova A, Rinaldi S et al (2006) A potential inverse association between Insulin like growth factor −1 and hypertension in a cross sectional study. Ann Epidemiol 16(7):563–571

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Colao A, Terzolo M, Bondanelli M et al (2008) GH and IGF-1 excess control contributes to blood pressure control: results of an observational , retrospective, multicenter study in 105 hypertensive acromegalic patients on heypertensive treatments. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 69(4):613–620

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Caidahl K, Ede’n S, Bengtsson B‑Å (1994) Cardiovascular and renal effects of growth hormone. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 40:393–400

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Copeland KC, Nair KS (1994) Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor—I increases forearm blood flow. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:230–232

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Samad F, Ruf W (2013) Inflammation, obesity and thrombosis. Blood 122(20):3415–3422

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Friberger P, Knos M, Gustavsson S, Aurell L, Claeson G (1978) Methods for determination of plasmin, antiplasmin and plasminogen by means of substrate S‑2251. Haemostasis 7:138–145

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Landin-Wilhelmsen K, Tengborn L, Wilhelmsen L, Bengtsson BA (1997) Elevated fibrinogen levels decrease following treatment of acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 46:69–74

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Vague P, Juhan-Vague I, Aillaud MF et al (1986) Correlation between blood fibrinolytic activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor level, plasma insulin level, and relative body weight in normal and obese subjects. Metabolism 35:250–253

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Landin K, Stigendal L, Eriksson E et al (1990) Abdominal obesity is associated with impaired fibrinolytic activity and elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Metabolism 39:1044–1048

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Holloway L, Butterfield G, Hintz RL, Gesundheit N, Marcus R (1994) Effects of recombinant human growth hormone on metabolic indices, body composition, and bone turnover in healthy elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:470–479

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Karachaliou F, Pergadou H, Dettoraki A et al (2017) Effect of GH treatment on coagulation in fibrinolysis paramenetrs in prepuertal children with growth hormne deficiency. Endocr Abstr. https://doi.org/10.1530/endoabs.49.EP885

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Williams RD (2011) Clinical Brief: acrmegaly in adults. Top Integr Health Care 2(2):4005

    Google Scholar 

  44. van Bunderen CC, van Varsseveld NC, Erfurth EM, Ket JC, Drent ML (2014) Efficacy and safety of growth hormone treatment in adults with growth hormone deficiency: a systematic review of studies on morbidity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 81(1):1–14

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Wong JH, Dukes J, Levy RE, Sos B, Mason SE, Fong TS, Weiss EJ (2008) Sex differences in thrombosis in mice are mediated by sex-specific growth hormone secretion patterns. J Clin Invest 118(8):2969–2978

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Rudman D, Kutner MH, Rogers CM et al (1981) Impaired growth hormone secretion in the adult population: relation to age and adiposity. J Clin Invest 67(5):1361–1369

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Duchaine D (1984) The underground steroid handbook. HLR Technical Books, Venice

    Google Scholar 

  48. Holt RI, Sonksen PH (2008) Growth hormone, IGF-I and insulin and their abuse in sport. Br J Pharmacol 154(3):542–556

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Sonksen P (2013) Idiopathic growth hormone deficiency in adults, Ben Johnson and the Somatopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(6):2270–2273

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Perls TT, Reisman NR, Olshansky SJ (2005) Provision or distribution of growth hormone for “antiaging”: clinical and legal issues. JAMA 294(16):2086–2090

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. McBride JA, Carson CC, Coward RM (2016) Testosterone deficiency in the aging male. Ther Adv Urol 8(1):47–60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Gupta V (2011) Adult growth hormone deficiency. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 15(Suppl3):S197–S202

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Clemmons DR, Van Wyk JJ (1984) Factors controlling blood concentration of somatomedin C. Clin Endocrinol Metab 13:113–143

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Bates AS, Evans AJ, Jones P, Clayton RN (1995) Assessment of GH status in adults with GH deficiency using serum growth hormone, serum insulin-like growth factor-I and urinary growth hormone excretion. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 42:425–430

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Hoffmann DM, O’Sullivan AJ, Baxter RC, Ho KY (1994) Diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in adults. Lancet 343(8905):1064–1068. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90181-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Ghigo E, Mazza E, Imperiale E, Rizzi G, Benso L, Muller EE et al (1987) The enhancement of the cholinergic tone by pyridostigmine promotes both basal and growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone-induced GH secretion in children of short stature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65:452–456

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Ghigo E, Imperiale E, Buffano GM, Mazza E, Bellone J, Arvat E et al (1990) A new test for the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency due to primary pituitary impairment: combined administration of pyridostigmine and growth hormone-releasing hormone. J Endocrinol Invest 13:307–316

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Bellone J, Valente F, Aimaretti G, Loche S, Cappa M, Bartolotta E et al (1993) Peak GH response to various provocative stimuli in children with normal and familial short stature. Pediatr Res 5(Suppl):S25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Greenwood FC, Landon J, Stamp TC (1965) The plasma sugar, free fatty acid, cortisol and growth hormone response to insulin in control subjects. J Clin Invest 45(4):429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Biller BM, Samuels MH, Zagar A, Cook DM, Arafah BM, Bonert V et al (2002) Sensitivity and specificity of six tests for the diagnosis of adult GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2067–2079

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Isidori AM, Kaltsas GA, Perry L, Burrin JM, Besser GM, Monson JP (2003) The effect of growth hormone replacement therapy on adrenal androgen secretion in adult onset hypopituitarism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 58(5):601–611

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Mantzoros CS, Tzonou A, Signorello LB, Stampfer M, Trichopoulos D, Adami HO (1997) Insulin-like growth factor 1 in relation to prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Br J Cancer 76:1115–1118

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, Gann PH, Ma J, Wilkinson P et al (1998) Plasma insulin like growth factor-I and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study. Science 279:563–566

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Colditz GA et al (1998) Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and risk of breast cancer. Lancet 351:1393–1396

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Webb SM (2008) Measurements of quality of life in patients with growth hormone deficiency. J Endocrinol Invest 31(Suppl 9):52–55

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Grimberg A, DiVall SA, Polychronakos C, Allen DB, Cohen LE, Quintos JB, Rossi WC, Feudtner C, Murad MH (2016) Guidelines for growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I treatment in children and adolescents: growth hormone deficiency, idiopathic short stature, and primary insulin-like growth factor-I deficiency. Horm Res Paediatr 86:361–397

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Toogood AA, O’Neill PA, Shalet SM (1996) Beyond the somatopause: growth hormone deficiency in adults over the age of 60 years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81(2):460–465

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Williams T, Berelowitz M, Joffe SN (1984) Impaired growth hormone responses to growth hormone-releasing factor in obesity. A pituitary defect reversed with weight reduction. N Engl J Med 311(22):1403–1407

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Pontiroli E, Lanzi R, Monti LD, Sandoli E, Pozza G (1991) Growth hormone (GH) autofeedback on GH response to GH-releasing hormone. Role of free fatty acids and somatostatin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72(2):492–495

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Friend KE, Hartman ML, Pezzoli SS, Clasey JL, Thorner MO (1996) Both oral and transdermal estrogen increase growth hormone release in postmenopausal women—a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81(6):2250–2256

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Weissberger J, Ho KKY, Lazarus L (1991) Contrasting effects of oral and transdermal routes of estrogen replacement therapy on 24-hour growth hormone (GH) secretion, insulin-like growth factor I, and GH-binding protein in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72(2):374–381

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Glynn N, Agha A (2012) Diagnosing growth hormone deficiency in adults. Int J Endocrinol. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/972617

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Reed ML, Merriam GR, Kargi AY (2013) Adult grwoth hormone defiiency-benefits and risks of growth hormone replacement. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2013.00064

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Malozowski S, Tanner LA, Wysowski D, Fleming GA (1993) Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, and benign intracranial hypertension. N Engl J Med 329:665–666

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Cohn L, Feller AG, Draper MW, Rudman IW, Rudman D (1993) Carpal tunnel syndrome and gynaecomastia during growth hormone treatment of elderly men with low circulating IGF-I concentrations. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 39:417–425

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Munzer T, Harman SM, Hees P, Shapiro E, Christmas C, Bellantoni MF, Stevens TE, O’Connor KG, Pabst KM, St Clair C, Sorkin JD, Blackman MR (2001) Effects of GH and/or sex steroid administration on abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat in healthy aged women and men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:3604–3610

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Weltman A, Weltman JY, Veldhuis JD, Hartman ML (2001) Body composition, physical exercise, growth hormone and obesity. Eat Weight Disord 6:28–37

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Broussard JL, Chapotot F, Abraham V, Day A, Delebecque F, Whitmore HR, Tasali E (2015) Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men. Diabetologia 58(4):791–798

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Tannenbaum GS, Martin JB (1976) Growth induced by pulsatile infusion of an amidated fragment of human growth hormone releasing factor in normal and GHRF-deficient rats. Endocrinology 98:562–570

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Tannenbaum GS, Painson, La Pointe M, Gurd W, Mc Carthy G (1990) Interplay of somatostatin and growth hormone-releasing hormone in genesis of episodic growth hormone secretion. Metab Clin Exp 39(9, Suppl. 2):35–39

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Tannenbaum GS, Ling N (1984) The interrelationship of growth hormone(GH)-releasing factor and somatostatin in generation of the ultradian rhythm of GH secretion. Endocrinology. 115(5):1952–1957

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Lim CT, Grossman A, Khoo B (2014) Normal physiology of ACTH and GH release in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary in man. In: De Groot LJ, Beck-Peccoz P, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, McLachlan R, New M, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Weickert MO (Hrsg) Endotext. MDText.com, Inc, South Dartmouth

    Google Scholar 

  83. Jean-Louis G, von Gizycki H, Zizi F (1998) Melatonin effects on sleep, mood, and cognition in elderly with mild cognitive impairment. J Pineal Res 25:177–183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Valcavi R, Zini M, Maestroni GJ, Conti A, Portioli I (1993) Melatonin stimulates growth hormone secretion through pathways other than the growth hormone-releasing hormone. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 39(2):193–199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Nassar E, Mulligan C, Taylor L et al (2007) Effects of a single dose of N-Acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (Melatonin) and resistance exercise on the growth hormone/IGF-1 axis in young males and females. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 4:14

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Russell-Aulet M, Dimaraki EV, Jaffe CA et al (2001) Aging-related growth hormone (GH) decrease is a selective hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone pulse amplitude mediated phenomenon. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56:M124–M129

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Villalobos C, Núñez L, Frawley LS et al (1997) Multi-responsiveness of single anterior pituitary cells to hypothalamic-releasing hormones: a cellular basis for paradoxical secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:14132–14137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Walker RF (2006) Sermorelin: a better approach to management of adult-onset growth hormone insufficiency? Clin Interv Aging 1(4):307–308

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Mathieni G (1980) Growth hormone secretion by arginine stimulus: the effect of both low doses and oral arginine. Boll Soc It Sper Biol 56:2254

    Google Scholar 

  90. Marcell TJ, Taaffe DR, Hawkins SA, Tarpenning KM, Pyka G et al (1999) Oral arginine does not stimulate basal or augment exercise-induced GH secretion in either young or old adults. J Gerontol 54A(8):M395–M399

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Ohlsson C, Bengtsson BA, Isaksson OG, Andreassen TT, Slootweg MC (1998) Growth hormone and bone. Endocr Rev 19(1):55–79

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Wüster C, Abs R, Bengtsson BA, Bennmarker et al (2001) The influence of growth hormone deficiency, growth hormone replacement therapy, and other aspects of hypopituitarism on fracture rate and bone mineral density. J Bone Miner Res 16(2):398–405

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Raben MS (1958) Treatment of a pituitary dwarf with human growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 18:901–903

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Evans HM, Long JA (1922) Characteristic effects upon growth, oestrus, and ovulation induced by the intra peritoneal administration of fresh anterior hypophyseal substance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 8:38–39

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Perls TT, Reisman NR, Olshansky SJ (2005) Provision and distribution of growth hormone for “antiaging”: clinical and legal issues. JAMA 294:2086–2090

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Liu H et al (2007) Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of growth hormone in the healthy elderly. Ann Intern Med 146:104–115

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Landsmann MA (2006) Forever young? What role does human growth hormone play in the aging process? The question is rife with controversy. Adv Healthy Aging 2:54–61

    Google Scholar 

  98. Shimon I (2003) Growth hormone replacement for adult growth hormone deficiency. Expert Opin Pharmacother 4(11):1977–1983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Bartke A, Brown-Borg H, Kinney B, Mattison J, Wright C, Hauck St, Coschiogano K, Kopchick JM (2000) Growth hormone and aging. J Am Aging Assoc 23:219–225

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  100. Chae HW, Kim DH, Kim HS (2015) Grwoth hormone treatment and risk of malignancy. Korean J Pediatr 58(2):41–46

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Jenkins PJ, Mukherjee A, Shalet SM (2006) Does growth hormone cause cancer ? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 64(2):115–121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Sklar CA (2004) Growth hormone treatment: cancer risk. Horm Res 62(Suppl 3):30–34

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Banerjee I, Clayton PE (2007) Growth hormone treatment and cancer risk. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 36(1):247–263

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. CohenP personal Informationan during a telephone discussion in Tegernesse 2004. Novo-Nordisk Conference on Growth Hormone, 2005, Tegernsee

  105. Grimberg A, Liu B, Bannerman P, El-Deiry WS, Cohen P (2002) IGFBP-3 mediates p53-induced apoptosis during serum starvation. Int J Oncol 21(2):327–335

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  106. Blackman MR, Sorkin J, Münzer T, Bellantoni M, Busby-Whitehead J, Stevens T et al (2002) Growth hormone and sex steroid administration in healthy aged women and men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288:2282–2292

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Bowers CY, Merriam GR, Veldhuis JD (2008) Validation of growth-hormone-releasing peptide 2 for the diagnosis of adult growth hormone deficiency. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 4:68–69

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ukrida University, Jl. Bulevard Artha Gading, RT 18/RW8, Klp. Gading Bar, Klp. Gading, Kota Jkt Utara, Daerah Khusus Ibukota, 14240, Jakarta, Indonesia

    Michael Klentze

Authors
  1. Michael Klentze
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael Klentze.

Ethics declarations

Interessenkonflikt

M. Klentze gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

Additional information

Dieser Beitrag wird auch im Journal für Gynäkologische Endokrinologie/Österreich 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41974-018-0059-3 veröffentlicht.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Klentze, M. Der Effekt von Wachstumshormon auf die menschlichen Alterungsprozesse. Teil 2. J. Gynäkol. Endokrinol. 21, 132–143 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41975-018-0064-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41975-018-0064-y

Schlüsselwörter

Mots clés

Search

Navigation