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Urolithiasis – Therapie und Rezidivprävention unter Berücksichtigung geschlechtsspezifischer Aspekte

Urolithiasis—Therapy and recurrence prevention taking into account gender-specific aspects

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Journal für Urologie und Urogynäkologie/Österreich Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Die Prävalenz der Urolithiasis nimmt weltweit bei beiden Geschlechtern stetig zu. Ernährung und Lebensstil, wie die zunehmende Prävalenz der Adipositas und weitere Komponenten des metabolischen Syndroms, gelten als Schlüsselfaktoren für diese Entwicklung. Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede als Ergebnis der interventionellen Therapie der Urolithiasis wurden bisher nicht beobachtet. Iatrogene Verletzungen der männlichen Harnröhre gelten jedoch als häufigster Grund für Harnröhrenstrikturen nach endourologischer (Stein)therapie. Dagegen wird eine Sepsis, als Hauptursache der harnsteinbedingten Mortalität, nach Ureterorenoskopie und perkutaner Nephrolithotomie häufiger bei Frauen konstatiert. Zudem bestehen Unterschiede in der Häufigkeit verschiedener Steinarten zwischen Männern und Frauen. Kalziumoxalat- und Harnsäuresteine werden häufiger bei Männern beobachtet, während Karbonatapatit und Struvit bevorzugt bei Frauen diagnostiziert werden. Die Harnsteinanalyse ist daher die wichtigste Voraussetzung für eine erfolgreiche Rezidivprävention. Die Diagnostik richtet sich nach der Zuordnung der Patienten zur Niedrig- oder Hochrisikogruppe. Die ernährungsmedizinischen und pharmakologischen Maßnahmen zur Therapie der jeweiligen Steinart orientieren sich dabei an den Risikofaktoren im 24-h-Harn. Ein personalisierter Ansatz, der geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede berücksichtigt, könnte Therapie und Entscheidungen zur Rezidivprävention von Harnsteinen weiter verbessern.

Abstract

The prevalence of urolithiasis is steadily increasing worldwide in both genders. Diet and lifestyle, such as the rising prevalence of obesity and other metabolic syndrome traits, are considered key factors in this trend. Gender differences as a result of interventional therapy for urolithiasis have not been observed. However, iatrogenic injury to the male urethra is considered the most common reason for urethral strictures after endourologic (stone) therapy. In contrast, sepsis, as the major cause of urinary stone-related mortality, is more frequently reported in women after ureterorenoscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. There are also differences in the frequency of various types of stones between men and women. Calcium oxalate and uric acid stones are more commonly observed in men, while carbonate apatite and struvite are diagnosed more often in women. Urinary stone analysis is therefore paramount for successful recurrence prevention. Diagnosis is based on the assignment of patients to the low-risk or high-risk group. The medical nutrition and pharmacological measures for the therapy of the respective type of stone are based on the risk factors in 24 h urine samples. A personalized approach that accounts for gender differences could further improve treatment, and recurrence prevention decisions for urinary stones.

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Correspondence to Roswitha Siener.

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R. Siener, W.L. Strohmaier und A. Neisius geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autor/-innen keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

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Dieser Beitrag wurde in Urologie 2022 · 61:1076–1082, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-022-01912-6, erstveröffentlicht. Zweitpublikation mit freundlicher Genehmigung der Autor*innen.

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Siener, R., Strohmaier, W.L. & Neisius, A. Urolithiasis – Therapie und Rezidivprävention unter Berücksichtigung geschlechtsspezifischer Aspekte. J. Urol. Urogynäkol. AT 30, 66–72 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41972-023-00196-y

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