Abstract
Soil is a surface material formed from the disintegration of rock under physical and chemical processes. Each soil has different characteristics because of the formation process. The soils are classified as cohesive and noncohesive soil based on their characteristics. The soil having more than 50% fine content is called expansive soil. The geotechnical improvement and handling of the expansive soil is challenging for geotechnical engineers. The present research improves the engineering parameters of expansive soil collected from the Talab, Nainwa, Bundi, using nonmagnetic iron (NMI) slag. For that purpose, 5–30% NMI slag was added at a 5% variation to analyze the effect of NMI slag on the engineering properties of soil. The laboratory investigation showed that the specific gravity of soil is increased by 18.36% by adding 30% NMI slag. Conversely, the swelling index of soil is decreased by 76% by adding 30% NMI slag. The plasticity index of soil is decreased by 16.84% with the addition of 30% NMI slag. The standard proctor test results, i.e., optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD), showed that the MDD of soil is increased by 18.62% by adding 25% NMI slag. Furthermore, the strength parameters, such as soaked CBR, unsoaked CBR, and unconfined compressive strength of soil, are increased by 57.17%, 105.28%, and 142.75%, respectively. The analysis of results showed a significant improvement in the engineering properties of expansive soil using the NMI slag. Also, it was found that the NMI slag improved the UCS of soil better than the copper slag, steel slag, and ground granulated blast furnace slag. In addition, the experimental results of the NMI slag stabilized soil were validated by statistical clauses of the ANOVA (F > F crit and p-value < 0.05) and T-test (p-one tail < p-two tail < 0.05, T-one tail < T-two tail < t state) and accepted the research hypothesis for this research.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data are mentioned in the manuscript.
References
Abdalqadir ZK, Salih NB (2020) An experimental study on stabilization of expansive soil using steel slag and crushed limestone. Sulaimani J Eng Sci 7(1):35–47
Abdalqadir ZK, Salih NB, Salih SJH (2020) Using steel slag for stabilizing clayey soil in Sulaimani City-Iraq. J Eng 26(7):145–157. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.07.10
Abdalqadir ZK, Salih NB, Salih SJ (2022) The improvement of the geotechnical properties of low-plasticity clay (CL) using steel slag in Sulaimani City/Iraq. Geomech Geoeng 17(3):834–841. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2021.1903087
Ahirwar AD, Chore HS (2022) Strength characterization of steel slag–cement-stabilized marine clay mixes for highway construction. Innov Infrastruct Sol 7(4):254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-022-00846-4
Alemshet D, Fayissa B, Geremew A, Chala G (2023) Amelioration effect of fly ash and powdered ground steel slag for improving expansive subgrade soil. J Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1652373
Al-Khafaji R, Dulaimi A, Jafer H, Mashaan NS, Qaidi S, Obaid ZS, Jwaida Z (2023) Stabilization of soft soil by a sustainable binder comprises ground granulated blast slag (GGBS) and Cement Kiln Dust (CKD). Recycling 8(1):10. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling8010010
Bahmed IT, Khatti J, Grover KS (2024) Hybrid soft computing models for predicting unconfined compressive strength of lime stabilized soil using strength property of virgin cohesive soil. Bull Eng Geol Env 83(1):46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-023-03537-1
Bharti G, Shukla BK, Kumar A, Hurukadli PN (2023) Stabilization of black cotton soil using steel slag. In AIP conference proceedings, vol 2800, p 1. AIP Publishing, London
Brand AS, Singhvi P, Fanijo EO, Tutumluer E (2020) Stabilization of a clayey soil with ladle metallurgy furnace slag fines. Materials 13(19):4251. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194251
Chen T, Wang L, He B, Peng X, Nie X, Ma F, Han P, Bai X (2024) Study on the solidification/stabilization of cadmium-contaminated soil by red mud-assisted blast furnace slag under excitation conditions. J Clean Prod 2024:140505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140505
Chu C, Zhan M, Feng Q, Deng Y, Li D, Zha F, Hou X (2023) Expansive soil modified by iron tailing sand and calcium carbide slag as subgrade material. Environ Dev Sustain 25(9):10393–10410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02498-x
Cikmit AA, Tsuchida T, Hashimoto R, Honda H, Kang G, Sogawa K (2019) Expansion characteristic of steel slag mixed with soft clay. Constr Build Mater 227:116799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116799
Daniel C, Khatti J, Grover KS (2024) Assessment of compressive strength of high-performance concrete using soft computing approaches. Comput Concrete 33(1):55. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2024.33.1.05
Dulani BK, Rajak TK (2022) Strength improvement of black cotton soil stabilized with steel slag and rice husk ash. Math Stat Eng Appl 71(4):12360–12371. https://doi.org/10.17762/msea.v71i4.2239
Ehwailat KIA, Mohamad Ismail MA, Ezreig AMA (2021) Novel approach to the treatment of gypseous soil-induced ettringite using blends of non-calcium-based stabilizer, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and metakaolin. Materials 14(18):5198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185198
Gandhi KS, Shukla SJ (2021) Durability study of expansive clay treated with bagasse ash and cement slag. Innov Infrastruct Sol 6:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00494-0
Gautam DN, Azhar M, Sinha AK (2022) Experimental study on black cotton soil stabilization using GGBS. In: Advances in geo-science and geo-structures: select proceedings of GSGS 2020, pp 261–268. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1993-9_28
Gayathridevi K, Balasubramani DP (2023) Stabilization of clay soil using ground granulated blast furnace slag and banana fibres. In: Smart geotechnics for smart societies, pp 649–658. CRC Press, Hoboken
Gonawala RJ, Kumar R, Chauhan KA (2019) Stabilization of expansive soil with corex slag and lime for road subgrade. In: Recent advancements on expansive soils: proceedings of the 2nd GeoMEast international congress and exhibition on sustainable civil infrastructures, Egypt 2018–The official international congress of the soil-structure interaction group in Egypt (SSIGE), pp 1–14. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01914-3_1
Grover KS, Khatti J (2021) Review of Effect of waste material on thickness of flexible pavement in expansive soil. In: Proceedings of the indian geotechnical conference 2019: IGC-2019, volume V, pp 89–101. Springer, Singapore
Indiramma P, Sudharani C, Needhidasan S (2020) Utilization of fly ash and lime to stabilize the expansive soil and to sustain pollution free environment–an experimental study. Mater Today: Proc 22:694–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.147
Irfan M, Chen Y, Ali M, Abrar M, Qadri A, Bhutta O (2018) Geotechnical properties of effluent-contaminated cohesive soils and their stabilization using industrial by-products. Processes 6(10):203. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr6100203
Ismail AIM, Awad SA, Mwafy MAG (2019) The utilization of electric arc furnace slag in soil improvement. Geotech Geol Eng 37:401–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-0619-3
James J, Pandian PK (2018) Strength and microstructure of micro ceramic dust admixed lime stabilized soil. J Constr 17(1):5–22
Jangid AK, Grover KS (2023) Experimental investigation of mechanical properties of problematic expansive soil using copper slag and its statistical validation. Multiscale Multidiscipl Model Exp Design 2023:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-023-00316-z
Jangid AK, Khatti J, Bindlish A (2018a) Stabilization of black cotton soil by 15% Kota stone slurry with wooden saw dust. Int J Adv Res Sci Eng 7(2):108–114
Jangid AK, Khatti J, Bindlish A (2018b) Stabilization of black cotton soil by 15% Kota stone slurry with Recron 3s fibre. Int J Adv Res Sci Eng 7(2):102–107
Jiang NJ, Du YJ, Liu K (2018) Durability of lightweight alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) stabilized clayey soils subjected to sulfate attack. Appl Clay Sci 161:70–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2018.04.014
Kabeta WF, Lemma H (2023) Modeling the application of steel slag in stabilizing expansive soil. Model Earth Syst Env 2023:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-023-01734-1
Kedar HN, Patel S, Shirol SS (2024) Bulk utilization of steel slag–fly ash composite: a sustainable alternative for use as road construction materials. Innov Infrastruct Sol 9(1):21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-023-01325-0
Khatti J, Grover KS (2023a) Estimation of intact rock uniaxial compressive strength using advanced machine learning. Transport Infrastruct Geotechnol 2023:1–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40515-023-00357-4
Khatti J, Grover KS (2023b) A scientometrics review of soil properties prediction using soft computing approaches. Arch Comput Methods Eng 2023:1–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-023-10024-z
Khatti J, Grover KS, Kim HJ, Mawuntu KBA, Park TW (2024) Prediction of ultimate bearing capacity of shallow foundations on cohesionless soil using hybrid lstm and rvm approaches: an extended investigation of multicollinearity. Comput Geotech 165:105912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105912
Kusuma RI, Mina E, Fathonah W, Fatwari MHA (2023) Utilization of waste steel slag, fly ash, glass bottle powder for swamp soil stabilization. In: Materials science forum, vol 1101, pp 109–114. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, London. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-y0KjYb
Li Q, Li B, Li X, He Z, Zhang P (2022) Microstructure of pretreated steel slag and its influence on mechanical properties of cement stabilized mixture. Constr Build Mater 317:125799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125799
Lopes EC, da Silva TO, Pitanga HN, Pedroti LG, Franco de Carvalho JM, Nalon GH, Lima GESD, Rodrigues MHR (2022) Application of electric arc furnace slag for stabilisation of different tropical soils. Int J Pavement Eng 23(14):5003–5014. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2021.1990289
Lopes EC, da Silva TO, Pitanga HN, Pedroti LG, Franco de Carvalho JM, Nalon GH, de Lima GES, de Araújo END (2023) Stabilisation of clayey and sandy soils with ladle furnace slag fines for road construction. Road Mater Pavement Design 24(1):247–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2021.2017328
Mahabub MS, Hasan MR, Khatti J, Hossain AS (2024) Assessing the effects of influencing parameters on field strength of soft coastal soil stabilized by deep mixing method. Bull Eng Geol Env 83(1):9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-023-03502-y
Mahamaya M, Das SK (2018) Characterization of ferrochrome slag as a controlled low-strength structural fill material. Int J Geotech Eng 14(03):312–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2018.1448527
Mahedi M, Cetin B, White DJ (2018) Performance evaluation of cement and slag stabilized expansive soils. Transp Res Rec 2672(52):164–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118757439
Mahiyar M, Sikarwar PS, Gupta N, Tomar P, Agarwal S (2022) Stabilization of red soil and black cotton soil using iron slag and fly ash. Int J Innov Technol Explor Eng 9(6):1314–1319
Malgotra H, Deb P (2023) Characterization of black cotton soil by using granulated blast furnace slags. Mater Today Proc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.12.030
Manimaran A, Seenu S, Ravichandran PT (2019) Stimulation behaviour study on clay treated with ground granulated blast slag and groundnut shell ash. Int J Eng 32(5):673–678
Miraki H, Shariatmadari N, Ghadir P, Jahandari S, Tao Z, Siddique R (2022) Clayey soil stabilization using alkali-activated volcanic ash and slag. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 14(2):576–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2021.08.012
Montenegro-Cooper JM, Celemín-Matachana M, Cañizal J, González JJ (2019) Study of the expansive behavior of ladle furnace slag and its mixture with low quality natural soils. Constr Build Mater 203:201–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.040
Mozejko CA, Francisca FM (2020) Enhanced mechanical behavior of compacted clayey silts stabilized by reusing steel slag. Constr Build Mater 239:117901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117901
Mujtaba H, Aziz T, Farooq K, Sivakugan N, Das BM (2018) Improvement in engineering properties of expansive soils using ground granulated blast furnace slag. J Geol Soc India 92:357–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-018-1019-2
Mymrin V, Aibuldinov EK, Alekseev K, Petukhov V, Avanci MA, Kholodov A, Taskin A, Catai RE, Iarozinski A (2019) Efficient road base material from Kazakhstan’s natural loam strengthened by ground cooled ferrous slag activated by lime production waste. J Clean Prod 231:1428–1436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.250
Panda N, Sahoo S, Jena H (2023) Performance of highway subgrade soil stabilized with lime and slag. In: Transportation systems technology and integrated management, pp 215–229. Springer Nature. Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1517-0_10
Pandya P, Kamdar B (2021) An experimental investigation of properties of black cotton soil treated with copper slag and groundnut shell powder. In: Proceedings of the Indian geotechnical conference 2019: IGC-2019 Volume III, pp 815–823. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6444-8_73
Parimi S, Satyanarayana PVV (2021) A comparative study of slope stability analysis of Manganese slag stabilized soil to an ordinary soil. In: IOP conference series: materials science and engineering, vol 1025, p 012009. IOP Publishing
Patel M, Prasad PS, Peddinti PR, Kanaujia VK (2021) An Experimental study on the strength behaviour of black cotton soil stabilized with industrial waste material (zinc slag) for pavement construction. In: Indian geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering conference, pp 483–492). Springer Nature, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4739-1_45
Phanikumar BR, Nagaraju TV (2018) Engineering behaviour of expansive clays blended with cement and GGBS. Proc Inst Civ Eng-Ground Improvement 171(3):167–173. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.17.00054
Piatak NM, Parsons MB, Seal RR II (2015) Characteristics and environmental aspects of slag: a review. Appl Geochem 57:236–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.04.009
Pires PM, Sudo-Lutif-Teixeira JE, Nepomuceno DV, Furieri EC (2019) Laboratory and field evaluation of KR slag–stabilized soil for paving applications. J Mater Civ Eng 31(9):04019182. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002811
Quadri HA, Abiola OS, Odunfa SO, Azeez JO (2022) Evaluation of strength and microstructural characteristics of weak lateritic soil stabilized with calcined clay and iron slag dust. In: Advances in transportation geotechnics IV: proceedings of the 4th international conference on transportation geotechnics volume 1, pp 781–793. Springer International Publishing, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77230-7_59
Rezaei-Hosseinabadi MJ, Bayat M, Nadi B, Rahimi A (2022) Sustainable utilisation of steel slag as granular column for ground improvement in geotechnical projects. Case Stud Constr Mater 17:e01333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01333
Saini H, Khatti J, Acharya B (2019) Stabilization of black cotton soil by using sugarcane bagasse ash. Int J Sci Res Rev 7(01):128–132
Sakr MA, Azzam WR, Meguid MA, Hassan AF, Ghoneim HA (2022) Evaluation of micro-metakaolin and ferric chloride solution in stabilising expansive soils. In: Proceedings of the institution of civil engineers-ground improvement, pp1–13. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.21.00015
Sas W, Dzięcioł J, Radzevičius A, Radziemska M, Dapkienė M, Šadzevičius R, Skominas R, Głuchowski A (2021) Geotechnical and environmental assessment of blast furnace slag for engineering applications. Materials 14(20):6029. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14206029
Sebbar N, Lahmili A, Bahi L, Ouadif L (2020) Treatment of clay soils with steel slag, in road engineering. In: E3S web of conferences, vol. 150, p 02017. EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015002017
Seco A, Del Castillo JM, Espuelas S, Marcelino-Sadaba S, Garcia B (2021) Stabilization of a clay soil using cementing material from spent refractories and ground-granulated blast furnace slag. Sustainability 13(6):3015. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063015
Sekhar DC, Nayak S (2018) Utilization of granulated blast furnace slag and cement in the manufacture of compressed stabilized earth blocks. Constr Build Mater 166:531–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.125
Shivaramaiah A, Ravi Shankar AU, Singh A, Pammar KH (2020) Utilization of lateritic soil stabilized with alkali solution and ground granulated blast furnace slag as a base course in flexible pavement construction. Int J Pavement Res Technol 13:478–488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-020-0251-5
Singh A, Gandhi KS, Shukla SJ (2020) Behavior of industrial waste bagasse ash and blast furnace slag-treated expansive clay for pavement subgrade. In: Problematic soils and geoenvironmental concerns: proceedings of IGC 2018, pp 681–695. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6237-2_56
Soğancı AS, Yenginar Y, Orman A (2023) Geotechnical properties of clayey soils stabilized with marble dust and granulated blast furnace slag. KSCE J Civ Eng 27(11):4622–4634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-023-0384-6
Soltani-Jigheh H, Golmohammadi H, Tajrostami M (2022) Effect of steel slag on the mechanical behavior of surficial yellow marl of Tabriz. Soils Rocks 2022:45. https://doi.org/10.28927/SR.2022.071821
Stroup-Gardiner M, Wattenberg-Komas T (2013) Recycled materials and by products in highway applications (Vol. 1). In: Transportation Research Board
Sukprasert S, Hoy M, Horpibulsuk S, Arulrajah A, Rashid ASA, Nazir R (2021) Fly ash based geopolymer stabilisation of silty clay/blast furnace slag for subgrade applications. Road Mater Pavement Design 22(2):357–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2019.1621190
Sunkara Y, Vinod JS, Kumari WGP, Muscat B (2024) Swelling behavior of basic oxygen furnace slag and granulated blast furnace slag mixtures: a laboratory investigation. J Mater Civ Eng 36(1):04023532. https://doi.org/10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-15621
Syed M, GuhaRay A, Agarwal S, Kar A (2020) Stabilization of expansive clays by combined effects of geopolymerization and fiber reinforcement. J Inst Eng India Ser A 101:163–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-019-00418-3
Tanyıldızı M, Uz VE, Gökalp İ (2023) Utilization of waste materials in the stabilization of expansive pavement subgrade: an extensive review. Constr Build Mater 398:132435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132435
Tyagi A, Soni DK (2019) Effects of granulated ground blast furnace slag and fly ash on stabilization of soil. In: Recycled waste materials: proceedings of EGRWSE 2018, pp 79–90. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7017-5_9
Upadhyay M, Daiya A, Khatti J (2019a) A review of stabilization of black cotton soil by industrial waste materials. Proc Int Conf Adv Comput Manage (ICACM). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3462219
Upadhyay M, Daiya A, Khatti J (2019b) October A review on comparative study of stabilization of black cotton soil by natural and artificial fibre. Proc Int Conf Adv Comput Manage (ICACM). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3462225
Vijayan DS, Parthiban D (2020) Effect of Solid waste based stabilizing material for strengthening of Expansive soil-A review. Environ Technol Innov 20:101108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.101108
Vindula SK, Chavali RVP, Reddy PHP, Srinivas T (2019) Ground granulated blast furnace slag to control alkali induced swell in kaolinitic soils. Int J Geotech Eng 13(4):377–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2017.1359901
Wang S, Li X, Ren K, Liu C (2020) Experimental research on steel slag stabilized soil and its application in subgrade engineering. Geotech Geol Eng 38:4603–4615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01313-6
Wattez T, Patapy C, Frouin L, Waligora J, Cyr M (2021) Interactions between alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag and organic matter in soil stabilization/solidification. Transport Geotech 26:100412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2020.100412
Wu Z, Feng Z, Pu S, Zeng C, Zhao Y, Chen C, Song H, Feng X (2024) Mechanical properties and environmental characteristics of the synergistic preparation of cementitious materials using electrolytic manganese residue, steel slag, and blast furnace slag. Constr Build Mater 411:134480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134480
Yaseen YN, Abbas JK (2020) An experimental study on swelling properties of expansive soil treated with iron furnace slag. Tikrit J Eng Sci 27(3):61–66. https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.27.3.07
Yildirim IZ, Prezzi M (2022) Subgrade stabilisation mixtures with EAF steel slag: an experimental study followed by field implementation. Int J Pavement Eng 23(6):1754–1767. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2020.1823389
Yu C, Cui C, Wang Y, Zhao J, Wu Y (2021) Strength performance and microstructural evolution of carbonated steel slag stabilized soils in the laboratory scale. Eng Geol 295:106410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106410
Yu J, Hua S, Qian L, Ren X, Zuo J, Zhang Y (2022) Development of steel slag-based solidification/stabilization materials for high moisture content soil. J Renew Mater 10(3):735. https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2022.016819
Yunus NZM, Hasni MH, Mazlan HH, Othman BA, Hasbollah DZA (2023) Enhancing the compaction characteristics of peat soil through ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) stabilisation. Construction 3(2):223–229
Zhang X, Li H, Wang H, Yan P, Shan L, Hua S (2024a) Properties of RCA stabilized with alkali-activated steel slag based materials in pavement base: laboratory tests, field application and carbon emissions. Constr Build Mater 411:134547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134547
Zhang Y, Liu C, Zhang Y, Wu X, Zhang F, Zhang J, Li X (2024b) The mechanical strength, microstructure, and transport properties of steel slag reinforced loess soil system. Case Stud Constr Mater 20:e02702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02702
Zheng P, Li W, Ma Q, Xi L (2023) Mechanical properties of phosphogypsum-soil stabilized by lime activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag. Constr Build Mater 402:132994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132994
Zhou M, Cheng X, Chen X (2021) Studies on the volumetric stability and mechanical properties of cement-fly-ash-stabilized steel slag. Materials 14(3):495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14030495
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Amit Kumar Jangid: main author, literature review, manuscript preparation, statistical analysis, detailing, and overall analysis; Kamaldeep Singh Grover: main author, conceptualization, detailing, overall analysis; comprehensive analysis, manuscript finalization, detailed review, and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Jangid, A.K., Grover, K.S. An investigation of nonmagnetic iron slag effect on engineering parameters of expansive soil and its statistical validation. Multiscale and Multidiscip. Model. Exp. and Des. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-024-00444-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-024-00444-0