Abstract
Exploration of new frontiers within the Arctic region introduces new challenges for the structural materials used in naval applications. This compels research on the influence of Arctic temperatures (from room temperature to \(-~70\,\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\)) on the mechanical behavior of composites. In the current investigation, the effects of low temperatures on the axial stiffness of graphite/epoxy composites with unidirectional, cross-ply, and quasi-isotropic layups are studied using MAC/GMC, a micromechanical simulation tool developed by the NASA Glenn Research Center. Parametric studies were conducted to understand how various constituent material properties of a graphite/epoxy laminate influence the global, homogenized, axial stiffness of the composite subjected to arctic conditions. MAC/GMC provided accurate simulation results as compared with published experimental data. Results revealed that the increase in axial stiffness of carbon fibers is the main mechanism responsible for the overall increase in the global axial stiffness of the laminated composites at low temperature. The current research effort expands the understanding of how composites respond and behave in such extreme, low-temperature environments.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arctic Resources & Transportation Information System (ARCTIS) Oil and Gas (2018). http://www.arctis-search.com/Arctic+Oil+and+Gas. Accessed 28 March 2018
National Geographic, Arctic (2018). https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/arctic/. Accessed 28 March 2018
National Snow and Ice Data Center (2018) All About Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/arctic-meteorology/index.html. Accessed 28 March 2018
The Boeing Company, AERO QUARTERLY QTR\_04\_06 (2018). http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/articles/qtr_4_06/AERO_Q406_article4.pdf
Kim M, Kang S, Kim C, Kong C (2007) Tensile response of graphite/epoxy composites at low temperatures. Compos Struct 79:84–89
Reed RP, Golda M (1994) Cryogenic properties of unidirectional composites. Cryogenics 34:909–928
Majerski K, Surowska B, Bienias J (2012) Tensile properties of carbon fiber/epoxy laminates at low and room temperatures. Compos Theory Pract 12:182–185
Sanchez-Saez S, Gomez del Rio T, Barbero E, Zaera R, Navarro C (2002) Static behavior of CFRPs at low temperatures. Compos Part B 33:383–390
Nettles AT, Biss EJ (1996) Low temperature mechanical testing of carbon-fiber/epoxy-resin composite materials. NASA Technical Paper 3663
Torabizadeh M (2013) Tensile, compressive and shear properties of unidirectional glass/epoxy composites subjected to mechanical loading and low temperature services. Indian J Eng Mater Sci 20:299–309
Sanchez-Saez S, Barbero E, Navarro C (2008) Compressive residual strength at low temperatures of composite laminates subjected to low-velocity impacts. Compos Struct 85:226–232
Elamin M, Li B, Tan KT (2018) Impact damage of composite sandwich structures in arctic condition. Compos Struct 192:422–433
Salehi-Khojin A, Mahinfalah M, Bashirzadeh R, Freeman B (2007) Temperature effects on Kevlar/hybrid and carbon fiber composite sandwiches under impact loading. Compos Struct 78:197–206
Suvarna R, Arumugam V, Bull D, Chambers A, Santulli C (2014) Effect of temperature on low velocity impact damage and post-impact flexural strength of CFRP assessed using ultrasonic C-scan and micro-focus computed tomography. Compos Part B 66:58–64
Im K, Cha C, Kim S, Yang I (2001) Effects of temperature on impact damages in CFRP composite laminates. Compos Part B 32:669–682
Coronado P, Arguelles A, Vina J, Vina I (2014) Influence of low temperatures on the phenomenon of delamination of mode I fracture in carbon-fibre/epoxy composites under fatigue loading. Compos Struct 112:188–193
Asp LE (1998) The effects of moisture and temperature on the interlaminar delamination toughness of a carbon/epoxy composite. Compos Sci Technol 58:967–977
Coronado P, Arguelles A, Vina J, Mollon V, Vina I (2012) Influence of temperature on a carbon-fibre epoxy composite subjected to static and fatigue loading under mode-I delamination. Int J Solids Struct 49:2934–2940
Shen CH, Springer GS (1976) Effects of moisture and temperature on the tensile strength of composite materials. Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of Michigan,
Rivera J, Karbhari VM (2002) Cold-temperature and simultaneous aqueous environment related degradation of carbon/vinylester composites. Compos Part B 33:17–24
Choi S, Sankar B (2006) Micromechanical analysis of composite laminates at cryogenic temperatures. J Compos Mater 40:1077–1091
Horiuchi T, Ooi T (1995) Cryogenic properties of composite materials. Cryogenics 35:677–679
Gong M, Wang XF, Zhao JH (2007) Experimental study on mechanical behavior of laminates at low temperature. Cryogenics 47:1–7
Schutz JB (1998) Properties of composite materials for cryogenic applications. Cryogenics 38:3–12
Schramm R, Kasen M (1977) Cryogenic mechanical properties of boron-, graphite-, and glass-reinforced composites. Mater Sci Eng 30:197–204
Cease H, Derwent P, Diehl H, Fast J, Finley D (2006) Measurement of mechanical properties of three epoxy adhesives at cryogenic temperatures for CCD construction. Fermilab-TM-2366-A
Shokrieh MM, Torabizadeh MA, Fereidoon A (2012) Progressive failure analysis of glass/epoxy composites at low temperatures. Strength Mater 44:314–324
Santiuste C, Barbero E, Miguelez MH (2011) Computational analysis of temperature effect in composite bolted joints for aeronautical applications. J Reinf Plast Compos 30:3–11
Yang P, Shams S, Slay A, Brokate B, Elhajjar R (2015) Evaluation of temperature effects on low velocity impact damage in composite sandwich panels with polymeric foam cores. Compos Struct 129:213–223
Shindo Y, Ueda S, Nishioka Y (1993) Mechanical behavior of woven composites at low temperatures. Fusion Eng Des 20:469–474
Lord H, Dutta P (1988) On the design of polymeric composite structures for cold regions applications. J Reinf Plast Compos 7:435–458
Bednarcyk B, Arnold S (2002) MAC/GMC 4.0 User’s Manual-Keywords Manual. NASA/TM-2002-212077/Vol
Bednarcyk B, Arnold S (2002) MAC/GMC 4.0 User’s Manual-Example Problem Manual. NASA/TM-2002-212077/Vol
Aboudi J, Arnold SM, Bednarcyk BA (2013) Micromechanics of composite materials: a generalized multiscale analysis approach. Elsevier Inc, New York
Hyer MW (2009) Stress analysis of fiber-reinforced composite materials. DEStech Publications Inc, Pennsylvania
Soden PD, Hinton MJ, Kaddour AS (1998) Lamina properties, lay-up configurations and loading conditions for a range of fibre-reinforced composite laminates. Compos Sci Technol 58:1011–1022
Pineda EJ, Bednarcyk BA, Arnold SM, Waas AM (2013) Mesh objective progressive failure of a unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite using the method of cells. Int J Solids Struct 50:1203–1216
Acknowledgements
K.T. Tan acknowledges the research grant #N00014-16-1-3202 provided by the Office of Naval Research (ONR Program Manager: Dr. Yapa Rajapakse).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cross, D.R., Tan, K.T., Pineda, E.J. et al. Multiscale modeling of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites in low-temperature arctic conditions. Multiscale and Multidiscip. Model. Exp. and Des. 1, 239–254 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-018-0016-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-018-0016-x