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Focus on the Electroplating Chemistry of Li Ions in Nonaqueous Liquid Electrolytes: Toward Stable Lithium Metal Batteries

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Abstract

Lithium metal anodes (LMAs) show unique superiority for secondary batteries because they possess the lowest molar mass and reduction potential among metallic elements. It can diminish the large gap in energy density between secondary batteries and fossil fuels. However, notorious dendrite propagation gives rise to large volume expansion, low reversibility and potential safety hazards, making the commercial application of LMAs a perennial challenge. The booming development in material characterization deepens the understanding of the dendrite formation mechanism, and the great progress made via nanotechnology-based solutions hastens practical procedures. In this paper, we highlight the current understanding of lithium dendrites. We first illustrate different nucleation theories and growth patterns of lithium dendrites. According to the growth patterns, we classify dendrites into three categories to accurately describe their different formation mechanisms. Then, we concentrate on the factors that may lead to dendritic deposits in each electroplating step. The dendritic morphology originates from the inhomogeneity of Li atoms, electrons, mass transport in the bulk electrolyte and the solid electrolyte interphase. Different inducements lead to different growth patterns. Based on this understanding, strategies for controlling lithium plating are divided into five methodologies. Reasonable integration of the strategies is expected to provide new ideas for basic research and practical application of LMAs. Finally, current limitations and advice for future research are proposed, aiming at inspiring engaged contributors and new entrants to explore scalable solutions for early realization of industrialization.

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Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No. 2019YFE0100200 and 2019YFA0705703), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U1564205) and the Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program (No. 2019Z02UTY06 and 2019THFS0132). The authors also thank the Joint Work Plan for Research Projects under the Clean Vehicles Consortium at U.S. and the China-Clean Energy Research Center (CERC-CVC2.0, 2016–2020) and thank the Tsinghua University-Zhangjiagang Joint Institute for Hydrogen Energy and Lithium Ion Battery Technology.

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  1. Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Hongmei Liang, Li Wang, Li Sheng, Hong Xu, Youzhi Song & Xiangming He

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This work was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No. 2019YFE0100200 and 2019YFA0705703), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U1564205) and the Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program (No. 2019Z02UTY06 and 2019THFS0132). All authors ensure that the materials support the published claims and comply with field standards. All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Hongmei Liang, Li Wang and Xiangming He had the idea for the article. Li Sheng, Hong Xu and Youzhi Song performed the literature search. Hongmei Liang wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Liang, H., Wang, L., Sheng, L. et al. Focus on the Electroplating Chemistry of Li Ions in Nonaqueous Liquid Electrolytes: Toward Stable Lithium Metal Batteries. Electrochem. Energy Rev. 5 (Suppl 2), 23 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-022-00158-2

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