Abstract
The primary focus of this investigation is to create a unique main rotor equipped rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (RWUAV) to detect and mitigate air pollution, which is major concern in modern civilization. This RWUAV was designed after careful consideration and analysis in a variety of maneuvering phases under the fluid particle-based aerosol conditions. This method of spraying the atmosphere using an RWUAV is meant to eradicate fog and other airborne pollutants. The RWUAV takes a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid solution, which it then sprays into the air. The aerodynamic parameters are estimated using ANSYS Workbench 17.2 equipped with computational fluid dynamic (CFD) solver, i.e., Fluent and ANSYS Workbench 17.2 with Finite element analysis (FEA) solver has been used to assess the RWUAV imposed with a variety of lightweight materials. The aforementioned multi-computational techniques are used to examine the structural robustness and aerodynamic performances under different airflow circumstances. As the load acting on the proposed RWUAV in aerosol-rich environment will be different than the normal environment, thus the need of this study to determine suitable material which will be structurally stable in both the environments. Thus, from the cumulative results of the structural analyses for both VTOL and forward maneuverings of the RWUAV it can be concluded that for VTOL the materials CFRP-WN-230-wet, CFRP-WN-230-ppg, CFRP-UD-230-wet, CFRP-UD-230-ppg, GFRP-S-UD, and GFRP-E-UD have proven to perform better than other lightweight composites. And from the cumulative results of structural analysis for forward motion the materials CFRP-UD-230GPa-ppg, CFRP-UD-230GP-wet, and GFRP-S-UD have proven to perform better than other lightweight composites. Thus, in conclusion CFRP-UD-230GPa-ppg, CFRP-UD-230GPa-wet, and GFRP-S-UD are better materials for RWUAV for better performance under aerosol heavy environment as these materials have shown promising results for both VTOL and forward motion under both normal environment and aerosol heavy environment. Developing this RWUAV would be helped along by the fact that this RWUAV might be made in a way that is less harmful to the environment.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Not applicable.
References
Ahmed B, Pota HR (2011) Flight control of a rotary wing UAV including flapping dynamics. In: The international federation of automatic control Milano (Italy) August 28–September2. https://doi.org/10.3182/20110828-6-IT-1002.01021
Asif A, Abdul A, Ambareen K, Sher AK, Upendra R, Tikendra NV, Rahul K (2020a) Response surface analysis, clustering, and random forest regression of pressure in suddenly expanded high-speed aerodynamic flows. Aerospace Sci Technol 107:10318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2020.106318
Asif A, Sher AK, Islam MT, Jilte RD, Khan A, Soudagar MEM (2020b) Investigation and back-propagation modeling of base pressure at sonic and supersonic Mach numbers. Phys Fluids 32(9):096109. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0022015
Atmaca M, Cetin B, Yilmaz E (2018) CFD analysis of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) moving in flocks. Acta Phys Polon A 135:694–696. https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.135.694
Basset P-M, Tremolet A, Lefebvre T (Jan 2014) Rotary wing UAV pre-sizing past and present methodology Approaches at Onera. Pierre-Marie Basset, A. Tremolet's, Thierry Lefebvre
Bliamis C, Zacharakis I, Kaparos P, Yakinthos K (2021) Aerodynamic and stability analysis of a VTOL flying wing UAV. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 1024:012039. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1024/1/012039
Brocklehurst A, Barakos GN (2013) A review of helicopter rotor blade tip shapes. Prog Aerosp Sci 56:35–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2012.06.003
Chen R, Zhu X, Zhou Z, Wang Z, Zhang T (2018) Study on the structure design of solar powered UAV. IEEE Int Conf Prognost Health Manag (ICPHM). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPHM.2018.8448618
Ersoy S, Taş ME (2020) Determining unmanned aerial vehicle design parameters for air pollution detection system. Online J Sci Technol 10(1):6–18
Gao Z, Chen Y, Zhang D, Chen P, Tong L, Cao X (2023) Study of poly-disperse aerosols deposition in turbulent flow with different Reynolds number. Particuology. ISSN 1674–2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2023.10.012
Guin MK, Hiremath S, Shrishail MH (2021) Semi-autonomous UAV based weather and air pollution monitoring system. J Phys Conf Ser 1921:012091. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1921/1/012091
Ibrahim AASB, Jaafar MNM (2018) Power estimation for four seater helicopter. J Mekanikal Sl 27(2):78–90
Kamal AM, Ramirez-Serrano A (2018) Design methodology for hybrid (VTOL + Fixed Wing) unmanned aerial vehicles. Aeron Aero Open Access J 2(3):165–176. https://doi.org/10.15406/aaoaj.2018.02.00047
Kania W, Stalewski W, Zwierzchowska B (2007) Design of the modern family of helicopter airfoil. Prace Inst Lotnictwa Nr 4(191):51–82
Krenik A, Weiand P (2016) Aspects on conceptual and preliminary helicopter design. Deutscher Luft-Und Raumfahrtkongress Peter Weiand DocumentID 420207:1–12
Liu C, Huang J, Tao X, Deng L, Fang X, Liu Y et al (2020) An observational study of the boundary-layer entrainment and impact of aerosol radiative effect under aerosol-polluted conditions. Atmos Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105348
Mishra A, Pal S, Malhi G, Singh PRABHAT (2020) Structural analysis Of UAV airframe by using fem techniques. Int J Mech Prod Eng Res Develop 29(10(s)):195–204
Naveen Kumar K, Meenakshi S, Deviparameswari K, Vaidegi R, Nandhagopal R, Ramesh M, Vijayanandh R (2021) Investigation of energy generation on large rotary wing unmanned aerial vehicle’s propeller using coupled engineering approaches. Adv Environ Eng Manag Springer Proc Earth Environ Sci 17:209–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79065-3_17
Pan L, Renliang C (2010) A mathematical model for helicopter comprehensive analysis. Chin J Aeronaut 23(3):320–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1000-9361(09)60222-3
Park Y-B, Nguyen K-H, Kweon J-H, Choi J-H (2011) Structural analysis of a composite target-drone. Int J Aeronaut Space Sci 12(1):84–91. https://doi.org/10.5139/IJASS.2011.12.1.84
Pinto RN, Afzal A, D’Souza LV et al (2017) Computational fluid dynamics in turbomachinery: a review of state of the art. Arch Computat Methods Eng 24:467–479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-016-9175-2
Purushotham G, Mahanteshaiah MK, Holla SA, Nirahankar KS, Sivan A (2020) Environmental pollution control using artificial intelligence drone. AIP Conf Proc 2311:030031. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0034004
Raja V, Al-Bonsrulah HAZ, Gnanasekaran RK, Eldin SM, Rajendran P, Baskaran B, Sakthivel P (2023) Design and advanced computational approaches based comprehensive structural parametric investigations of rotary-wing UAV imposed with conventional and hybrid computational composite materials: a validated investigation. Front Mater 10:1096839. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2023.1096839
Ramanujam R, Rao S (2015) Abhishek, stability analysis of variable geometry helicopters. In: Conference: 4th Asian/Australian rotorcraft forum at IISc Bangalore, November 2015. https://www.iitk.ac.in/aero/abhishek/files/ARF_2015_stability
Rohi G, Ejofodomi O, Ofualagba G (2020) Autonomous monitoring, analysis, and countering of air pollution using environmental drones. Heliyon 6(1):e03252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03252
Romeo G, Frulla G (2002) HELIPLAT®: aerodynamic and structural analysis of HAVE solar powered platform. In: AIAA’s 1st technical conference and workshop on unmanned aerospace vehicles, 20–23 May 2002. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2002-3504
Saharudin MF (2016) Development of tilt-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV): material selection and structural analysis on wing design. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/152/1/012017
Schwinn DB, Weiand P, Schmid M, Buchwald M (Sept 2018) Structural sizing of a rotorcraft fuselage using an integrated design approach. In: 31st congress of the international council of the aeronautical sciences (ICAS) At: Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
Senthil-Kumar M et al (2017) Conceptual design and comparative computational analysis of secondary inlet of rotary-wing aircraft engine. J Adv Res Dyn Control Syst 9:1189–1209
Shen L, Cheng Y, Bai X, Dai H, Wei X, Sun L, Yang Y, Zhang J, Feng Y, Li YJ, Chen D-R, Liu J, Gui H, H, (2022) Vertical profile of aerosol number size distribution during a haze pollution episode in Hefei, China. Sci Total Environ 814:152693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152693
Slavik S (2004) Preliminary determination of propeller aerodynamic characteristics for small aeroplanes. Acta Polytech. https://doi.org/10.14311/558
Soliman AMS, Cagan SC, Buldum BB (2019) The design of a rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicles–payload drop mechanism for fire-fghting services using fire-extinguishing balls. SN Appl Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1322-6
Stalewski W, Zoltak J (2012) Optimisation of the helicopter fuselage with simulation of main and tail rotor influence. In: 28th international congress of the aeronautical sciences, September 2012. http://www.icas.org/ICAS_ARCHIVE/ICAS2012/PAPERS/811.PDF
Ucgun H, Yuzgec U, Bayilmis C (2021) A review on applications of rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicle charging stations. Int J Adv Rob Syst. https://doi.org/10.1177/17298814211015863
Vijayanandh R, Naveen Kumar K, Raj Kumar G, Arul Prakash R, Senthil Kumar M, Indira Prasanth S, Kesavan K (2022) Material optimization of a contra—rotating propeller for a rotary wing unmanned aerial vehicle. AIP Conf Proc 2446:050003. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0108348
Yongjie Z, Yingjie H, Ke L, Kang C, Yafeng W, Xiaochuan L, Yazhou G, Jizhen W (2021) High-precision modeling and collision simulation of small rotor UAV. Aerosp Sci Technol 118:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2021.106977
Yu S (2014) Water spray geoengineering to clean air pollution for mitigating haze in China’s cities. Environ Chem Lett 12:109–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-013-0444-0
Acknowledgements
Computational facilities are being provided by the authors' parent institution, which is Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. So, all the authors of this article would like to thank all the management of people and higher professionals.
Funding
No external funding is used in this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
GV contributed to modeling and FSI simulations; RTR, MSM, SSJ, SB were involved in modeling, CFD simulations, and FSI simulations; BSA contributed to modeling, concept, and manuscript development; PR was responsible for concept, supervision, and manuscript development; RKG and SKM performed supervision, review editing and validations; VR contributed to modeling, methodology, concept, validations, and manuscript development.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Also they assured that this manuscript is an original research work and has not been published elsewhere including open access at the Internet; the data used in the research have not been manipulated, fabricated, or in any other way misrepresented to support the conclusions; no part of the text of the manuscript has been plagiarized; the manuscript is not under consideration for publication elsewhere; the manuscript will not be submitted elsewhere for review while it is still under consideration for publication in this Journal. Finally, the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Consent for Publication
Not applicable.
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
Not applicable.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Vinayagam, G., Thaiyan Rajendran, R., Mohan, M.S. et al. Multi-perspective Investigations of Aerosol’s Non-linear Impact on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Air Pollution Control Applications Under Various Aerosol Working Environments. Aerosol Sci Eng (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41810-024-00219-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41810-024-00219-7