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Synthesis and cytotoxicity analysis of porous β-TCP/starch bioceramics

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Abstract

The production of porous ceramics for biomedical applications is widely available in the Ceramics industry. In bioceramic applications, interconnected pores are pertinent to increase osteoconductivity and cell proliferation. However, an increase in pore size and the pore amount decrease the mechanical properties. For this reason, pore properties must be precisely controlled. In this study, the effect of a natural pore-forming agent, corn starch addition, and sintering conditions on mechanical properties and biocompatibility was investigated. During mixing, four different starch amounts (1, 3, 5, and 10 wt%) were added to pure beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) ceramic powders and pressed. Pressed pellets were sintered at 1000, 1100, 1200, and 1300 °C. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to investigate microstructure, texture, pore size, and cell adhesion. The mechanical properties of the β-TCP ceramic parts were further characterized by measuring the density and compressive strength. Cytotoxicity tests were carried out with MTT assays. The optimum mechanical properties were obtained at 1100 °C sintered biocomposites. Although starch starts to burn around 410 °C and analytical results show no presence of starch after the sintering process, biocomposites initially containing 10% starch showed improved cell proliferation. However, a reduction of 59% in compressive strength and a 16% reduction in the density were also recorded. It was observed that 10 wt% starch addition increases cell proliferation by 10% in sintered β-TCP samples. Starch powder additions can be used to increase the cell viability of the material by facilitating the creation of pores, as a low-cost pore-forming agent for porous bone graft and non-load-bearing material in both orthopaedics and maxillofacial applications.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey

    Yigit Turan & Oguzhan Gunduz

  2. Center for Nanotechnology & Biomaterials Application and Research (NBUAM), Marmara University, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey

    Yigit Turan, Cevriye Kalkandelen & Oguzhan Gunduz

  3. Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Biomedical Devices Technology Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34500, Istanbul, Turkey

    Cevriye Kalkandelen

  4. Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Naval Architecture and Maritime Faculty, Yildiz Technical University, 34349, Istanbul, Turkey

    Yuksel Palaci

  5. Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine/Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center, Marmara University, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey

    Ali Sahin

  6. Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey

    Hasan Gokce

  7. Prof. Dr. Adnan Tekin Material Sciences and Production Technologies Applied Research Center, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey

    Hasan Gokce

  8. Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, PO BOX 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia

    Besim Ben-Nissan

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  1. Yigit Turan
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Turan, Y., Kalkandelen, C., Palaci, Y. et al. Synthesis and cytotoxicity analysis of porous β-TCP/starch bioceramics. J Aust Ceram Soc 58, 487–494 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41779-022-00702-9

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