Abstract
Climate change has become a global phenomenon, but its impact is unevenly distributed among regions, economic classes, age classes and genders. Gender is among the factors that influence the perception and adaptation of smallholder farmers to the impacts of climate change. This study assessed the level of gender vulnerability, perception and adaptation options against climate change in the rural areas of Meta District, eastern Ethiopia. Data were collected from 193 respondents through household survey, focus group discussions (FGD) and key informant interviews. Long-term climate data (1990–2019) were acquired from the National Meteorological Agency (NMA) of Ethiopia. Integrated vulnerability assessment method through the construction of indices from selected indicators of climate change was used to describe vulnerability. A multivariate probit model (MVP) was employed to identify factors affecting the choice of adaptation options to climate change. Climate data analysis showed that long-term annual, belg (short rainy season from February-April) and kiremt (long rainy season from June–September) seasonal rainfall had high variability with a coefficient of variation of 37.7%, 42.5% and 34.4%, respectively. Approximately 90% of male- and 74% of female-headed households perceived declining and erratic rainfall and rising temperature over time in their locality in the last three decades. The lower perception of women implies that they had less access to climate information and lack awareness, which constrains their adaptation against the impacts of climate change. The likelihood of household heads adopting soil and water conservation (SWC) practices, adjusting planting dates and use of drought-tolerant varieties was 77.2%, 56.9% and 53.9%, respectively. Women were more vulnerable, with a vulnerability index (VI) of − 0.138, to climate change than men (VI = 0.009) in the study area. These findings necessitate the formulation and implementation of gender-sensitive and context-specific policies that provide poor female farmers with the opportunities to diversify their livelihood with non-farm income. Moreover, non-formal trainings and better extension services are needed to enhance the perception of climate change and the use of adaptation practices to improve resilience against climate change.
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The authors would like to acknowledge the National Meteorological Agency of Ethiopia for providing long-term climate data and crop data, respectively. We appreciate all respondents for willingly providing the relevant information and enumerators for gathering data.
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AAI and MMM conceptualized the research. AAI worked on data collection and analysis, and wrote the original draft; MMM, ATT and MMF helped in result interpretation, reviewing and editing of the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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Maja, M.M., Idiris, A.A., Terefe, A.T. et al. Gendered Vulnerability, Perception and Adaptation Options of Smallholder Farmers to Climate Change in Eastern Ethiopia. Earth Syst Environ 7, 189–209 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-022-00324-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-022-00324-y