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Impacts of Different Amendments and Water Qualities on Soluble and Exchangeable Phases and Hydraulic Conductivity of a Calcareous Soil

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Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nanoclay (NC), zeolite (Z), biochar (B), municipal waste compost (MWC), and farmyard manure (FYM) at two application levels of 1% and 3% (w/w) on the saturated hydraulic conductivity (KS) and sodification process of a calcareous soil under leaching by waters with different electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium absorption ratio (SAR) values. Columns containing control and amended soils were washed in three separate experiments using 20 pore volumes of three solutions classified in C3S1, C4S3, and C4S4 classes. The incorporation of the amendments led to a significant decrease in soil sodification because of decreasing exchangeable sodium and increasing exchangeable calcium. The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of soils after leaching by solutions C3S1, C4S3, and C4S4 varied in the ranges of 1.80–5.79%, 2.78–7.85%, and 3.66–15.6%, respectively. The highest and lowest ESP values were obtained for control and 3% FYM treatment, respectively. For each leaching solution, the KS was significantly higher in the control compared to the amended soils (P ≤ 0.05). The lowest value of KS was obtained for the 3% B treatment. Furthermore, KS values increased with an increase in SAR of water. This was likely due to the simultaneous increase in EC and concentration of divalent cations (calcium and magnesium). The most effective amendments in controlling soil sodification were FYM, B, and MWC at the application level of 3%.

Highlights

  • Farmyard manure and nanoclay showed the most efficiency in controlling soil pH.

  • Nanoclay was the most efficient amendment in controlling soil salinity.

  • The most effective amendment in controlling soil sodification was farmyard manure.

  • Saturated hydraulic conductivity increased with the increase in SAR of water.

  • Saturated hydraulic conductivity was higher in control than in amended soils.

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Data Availability

The datasets analyzed during the current study can be available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Funding

No funding was received for conducting this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

    Fattaneh Moradi, Ali Ashraf Amirinejad & Faranak Ranjbar

Authors
  1. Fattaneh Moradi
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  2. Ali Ashraf Amirinejad
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  3. Faranak Ranjbar
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Contributions

Fattaneh Moradi: software, formal analysis, visualization, and interpretation of data, Ali Ashraf Amirinejad: conceptualization, methodology, validation, investigation, supervision, and project administration, Faranak Ranjbar: conceptualization, methodology, validation, software, investigation, supervision, interpretation of data, and writing the original draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Faranak Ranjbar.

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Moradi, F., Amirinejad, A.A. & Ranjbar, F. Impacts of Different Amendments and Water Qualities on Soluble and Exchangeable Phases and Hydraulic Conductivity of a Calcareous Soil. Int J Environ Res 18, 46 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-024-00600-x

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