Abstract
17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2) is a synthetic hormone, which has a high estrogenic potential, and it is usually discharged into the environment through sewage and industrial effluents. Low concentrations of EE2, and H2O2, which are not so common in the studies, were applied in removing process of micropollutants. Photodegradation and removal of EE2 from water were investigated using two treatment processes, UV/H2O2 and reverse osmosis (RO), respectively. Furthermore, changes in estrogenic activity using in vitro yeast estrogen screen assay, as well as the adsorption of EE2 by membrane (TW30-4040, polyamide) surface, were evaluated. All experiments showed that the concentration of H2O2 is a very important variable that influences the degradation of EE2 in all UV doses evaluated. Moreover, they showed estrogenic activity at the end of the treatment due to the amount of EE2 remaining after each experiment. The membrane rejection efficiency varied from 90 to 98% and the adsorption experiments with EE2 initial concentration of 1000 µg·L−1 resulted in11 mg·m−2 membrane surface adsorption. The RO membrane showed higher EE2 removal efficiency through size exclusion and adsorption than the UV/H2O2 process under the evaluated conditions.
Graphical abstract
Highlights
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The membrane rejection efficiency varied from 90 to 98%.
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Amount of EE2 remaining was responsible for all the observed estrogenic activity.
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Higher concentration of EE2 adsorbed in 11 mg·m−2 on the membrane surface.
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The RO membrane showed a greater EE2 removal efficiency than UV/H2O2.
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Data Availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, Moreira, C.G., upon reasonable request. Some datas analysed in the current study (two tables and two figures) are available as supplementary files.
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Funding
This research was funded by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Grant number 31001017037037P9—Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—Brasil (CNPq) Grant number 313457/2017-4—and by Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro—Brasil (FAPERJ)—Grant number E-26/110.102/2014.
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CGM: investigation, formal analysis, methodology, software, validation, visualization, data curation and writing. TCCN: writing and editing. DMB: investigation, reviewing and funding acquisition. FVF: investigation, reviewing and funding acquisition.
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Moreira, C.G., Neto, T.C., Bila, D.M. et al. Treatment of 17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2) in Water Using UV/H2O2 and Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membranes: Assessment of Estrogenic Activity and Membrane Adsorption. Int J Environ Res 17, 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-022-00489-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-022-00489-4