Abstract
Plasma transport driven by turbulence ultimately determines the energy confinement performance of controlled fusion devices regardless of their confinement schemes and configurations. A large variety of plasma instabilities have been proposed for driving turbulence responsible for anomalous plasma transport beyond classical/neoclassical transport due to collisions. Although ion-scale turbulence usually dominates due to its large eddy size and saturation level, electron-scale turbulence has been recognized to be important in regions where ion-scale turbulence is suppressed (e.g., in internal transport barrier and in spherical tokamak H-mode plasmas) or is close to marginality. Electron-scale turbulence has been shown to nonlinearly interact with ion-scale turbulence, which modifies the dynamics of both and affects the resulting plasma transport, particularly when ion-scale instability is weakly driven. In this review paper, we focus on electron-scale turbulence that is believed to operate in magnetically confinement fusion devices and aim to provide a review of theoretical, numerical, and experimental developments in understanding electron-scale turbulence and its role in driving anomalous plasma turbulence. In particular, we focus on the electrostatic electron temperature gradient (ETG) mode which is the most widely recognized plasma instability underlying electron-scale turbulence observed in magnetically confined plasmas. We note that there are other less studied instabilities that might be responsible for observed electron-scale turbulence, most notably ubiquitous mode, and short-wavelength ion temperature gradient (SWITG) mode, which will be briefly touched on in this review.
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This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, and has been authored by Princeton University under Contract No. DE-AC02-09CH11466 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes.
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S. M. Kaye is an editorial board member for Reviews of Modern Plasma Physics and was not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. All authors declare that there are no competing interests.
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Ren, Y., Guttenfelder, W., Kaye, S.M. et al. Transport from electron-scale turbulence in toroidal magnetic confinement devices. Rev. Mod. Plasma Phys. 8, 5 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41614-023-00138-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41614-023-00138-z