Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

FPGA-based 10G/40G Ethernet Firmware for Pixel Detector in SHINE

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Radiation Detection Technology and Methods Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Shanghai HIgh repetition rate XFEL aNd Extreme light facility (SHINE) is a free electron laser facility, which will provide research methods such as high-resolution imaging for many disciplines. The pixel detector, which is in the pre-research stage, is one of most important components of the facility.

Purpose

The current target data rate of the pixel detector in SHINE is about 100 GB/s. Considering the high data rate, the 10G/40G Ethernet firmware for pixel detector in SHINE was developed on field programmable gate array (FPGA), which will lead to more integrated electronic design and make the system smaller.

Methods

The firmware converts the media independent interfaces (MII) of 10G and 40G Ethernet to each other and uses a polling method to process data from four 10G Ethernet channels. Based on the above methods, the firmware can merge four 10G Ethernet channels into one 40G Ethernet channel.

Results and Conclusion

The firmware successfully transmits data between the data source and the server. The bandwidth of the firmware is 36.66 Gbps when the computer equipped with 10G network interface controller (NIC) is set as the data source. Through joint test with the 1G/10G hub and SiTCP, the bandwidth of firmware is 36.3 Gbps. And 40 SiTCP nodes whose system clock frequency can exceed 125 MHz can be used as the data source of the firmware, which will provide a variety of technical solutions for pixel detector.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. T. Poikela, R. Ballabriga, J. Buytaert, X. Llopart, W. Wong, M. Campbell, K. Wyllie, M. van Beuzekom, J. Schipper, S. Miryala et al., The VeloPix ASIC. J. Instrum. 12(01), C01070 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. X. Llopar. The Timepix family ASICs (2017). https://indico.cern.ch/event/627245/contributions/2676748/attachments/1522549/2379247/Timepix_Vertex2017_XL.pdf

  3. SHINE data collection, transmission and storage challenges. https://indico.ihep.ac.cn/event/9934/session/4/contribution/51.pdf

  4. I. Johnson, A. Bergamaschi, H. Billich, S. Cartier, R. Dinapoli, D. Greiffenberg, M. Guizar-Sicairos, B. Henrich, J. Jungmann, D. Mezza, A. Mozzanica, B. Schmitt, X. Shi, G. Tinti, Eiger: a single-photon counting x-ray detector. J. Instrum. 9(05), C05032 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/9/05/c05032

  5. T. Dreier, D. Krapohl, D. Maneuski, N. Lawal, J. Schöwerling, V. O’Shea, C. Fröjdh, A USB 3.0 readout system for Timepix3 detectors with on-board processing capabilities. J. Instrum. 13(11), C11017 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/13/11/c11017

  6. H. Li, J. Zhang, Y. Ding, S. Cui, Z. Wang, X. Jiang, FPGA implementation of 10 G Ethernet-based DAQ systems for pixel detectors. Rad. Detect. Technol. Methods 4(1), 31 (2020)

  7. IEEE Standard for Ethernet, IEEE Std 802.3-2018 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.3-2015) pp. 1–5600 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2018.8457469

  8. C. Binnie. Monitoring Network Load With nload (2016). https://www.linux.com/topic/networking/monitoring-network-load-nload-part-1/

  9. PICMG. MicroTCA Short Form Specification (2006). https://www.picmg.org/openstandards/microtca/

  10. J. Zhang, H. Li, X. Jiang, The MicroTCA Fast Control Board for Generic Control and Data Acquisition Applications in HEP Experiments. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 66(7), 1169 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2018.2890284

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. T. Uchida, Hardware-Based TCP Processor for Gigabit Ethernet. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 55(3), 1631 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2008.920264

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. P. Goyal, A. Goyal, Comparative study of two most popular packet sniffing tools-tcpdump and wireshark. In: 2017 9th International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN) (2017), pp. 77–81. https://doi.org/10.1109/CICN.2017.8319360

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Xie Jialin Fund, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China

    Yanke Cai, Jie Zhang, Hangxu Li, Nian Yu, Changge Zi, Cong He & Xiaoshan Jiang

  2. State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, 100049, China

    Yanke Cai, Jie Zhang, Changge Zi, Cong He & Xiaoshan Jiang

  3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, China

    Yanke Cai, Jie Zhang, Nian Yu, Changge Zi, Cong He & Xiaoshan Jiang

Authors
  1. Yanke Cai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jie Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hangxu Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nian Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Changge Zi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Cong He
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Xiaoshan Jiang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jie Zhang.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Cai, Y., Zhang, J., Li, H. et al. FPGA-based 10G/40G Ethernet Firmware for Pixel Detector in SHINE. Radiat Detect Technol Methods 5, 434–439 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41605-021-00268-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41605-021-00268-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation