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Unrelated ornithopods with similar tooth morphology in the vicinity of Salas de los Infantes (Burgos Province, Spain): an intriguing case-study

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Abstract

The Lower Cretaceous of the Salas de los Infantes locality (Burgos Province, Spain) is extremely rich in monospecific ornithopod sites, each comprising a variety of cranial and postcranial remains. Among these, Vegagete and El Peñascal-1 lie in very close vicinity within the Upper Barremian–Lower Aptian Castrillo de la Reina Formation. In addition to other skeletal elements, these sites yield surprisingly similar teeth, which was viewed as an argument to regard the ornithopods from both sites as akin to each other. However, claiming phylogenetic affinity based on the sole tooth similarity is not satisfactory, as tooth similarity might also result from convergent evolution. This article tackles the question of the apparent similarity in tooth morphology between the ornithopods of both sites. Is it a result of convergent evolution or was it acquired from a close common ancestor? What are the ecological implications of their tooth morphologies and dental wear in terms of dietary niche partitioning? We discuss on the taxonomic relatedness of the ornithopods of both sites based on a detailed comparison of their teeth. We test for the morphometric differences and similarities between the tooth crowns of both assemblages through successive Student t tests and one Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MAnOVa). Our conclusion is that although they bear similar teeth, the Vegagete and El Peñascal-1 ornithopods belong to different ornithopod lineages. The Student t tests show that the mesiodistal sharpness index is significantly higher in the Vegagete ornithopod. This is consistent with the formerly inferred kinship of this taxon with the family Rhabdodontidae, and probably indicates that the ancestors of this lineage became adapted to eating tough plant material since the Early Cretaceous.

Resumen

El Cretácico Inferior de la localidad de Salas de los Infantes (Provincia de Burgos, España) es extremadamente rico en yacimientos monoespecíficos de ornitópodos que contienen una variedad de restos craneales y postcraneales. Entre ellos, los yacimientos de Vegagete y El Peñascal-1 están ubicados muy próximos entre sí dentro de la Formación Castrillo de la Reina, con una edad Barremiense Superior - Aptiense Inferior. Además, tienen la peculiaridad de haber proporcionado dientes sorprendentemente semejantes. Esto llevó a considerar los ornitópodos de ambos yacimientos como cercanamente emparentados. Sin embargo, esta afirmación no es satisfactoria ya que una similitud entre dientes podría resultar de una convergencia evolutiva. Este trabajo cuestiona la aparente similitud entre los dientes procedentes de los ornitópodos de Vegagete y El Peñascal-1. Se discute sobre las implicaciones de su morfología dental y de su desgaste dental en cuanto a adaptaciones masticatorias, nicho alimentario y relaciones filogenéticas. Analizamos la afinidad taxonómica de los ornitópodos procedentes de El Peñascal y Vegagete basándonos en una comparación detallada de sus dientes. Realizamos una comparación morfométrica de sus coronas dentales a través de unos tests t de Student y de un análisis multivariado (MAnOVa), y discutimos sobre los resultados obtenidos. Nuestra conclusión apunta a que los ornitópodos de Vegagete y El Peñascal-1 no están emparentados. Los tests t de Student concluyen que los dientes del ornitópodo de Vegagete tienen un índice de esbeltez mesiodistal mayor, lo cual refuerza su afinidad con la familia Rhabdodontidae. Permite proponer que el linaje que comprende a los rhabdodóntidos y a sus ancestros inmediatos habría seguido una tendencia evolutiva temprana, desarrollando dientes para alimentarse sobre plantas más duras desde el Cretácico Inferior.

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Acknowledgements

We are much grateful to Caterine Arias Riesgo, conservator of the Museo de los Dinosaurios de Salas de los Infantes, for her personal investment and for her measurements of the raw variables necessary to finalize this study. We also thank Ferrán Guinovart, who prepared some of the teeth analysed in this study. We are grateful to the Museo de Dinosaurios for allowing the access and analysis of the materials included in this work, and to the Colectivo Arqueológico y Paleontológico de Salas (C.A.S.) for the information provided about the prospecting and excavation campaigns that took place in the sites of El Peñascal and Vegagete. The comments made by Attila Ösi and another anonymous reviewer greatly improved the quality of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología (IIPG), CONICET, General Roca, 8332, Rio Negro, Argentina

    P. E. Dieudonné

  2. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro-IIPG, General Roca, Río Negro, Argentina

    P. E. Dieudonné

  3. Museo de Dinosaurios de Salas de Los Infantes and Colectivo Arqueológico-Paleontológico Salense (CAS), Plaza Jesús Aparicio 9, Salas de los Infantes, 09600, Burgos, Spain

    F. Torcida-Fernández Baldor & P. Huerta-Hurtado

  4. Departamento de Geología, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Ávila, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

    P. Huerta-Hurtado

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Dieudonné, P.E., Baldor, F.TF. & Huerta-Hurtado, P. Unrelated ornithopods with similar tooth morphology in the vicinity of Salas de los Infantes (Burgos Province, Spain): an intriguing case-study. J Iber Geol 46, 403–417 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41513-020-00140-1

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