Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Interrelationships, palaeobiogeography and early evolution of Stereospondylomorpha (Tetrapoda: Temnospondyli)

  • Research Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Iberian Geology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The stereospondylomorph temnospondyls form a diverse group of early tetrapods that survived the Permian–Triassic extinction event and radiated during the Triassic. They encompass Carboniferous and Permian taxa from central and eastern Europe, such as ‘archegosauroids’, and early-divergent Gondwanan forms, such as rhinesuchids. By the Early Triassic, the group reached a worldwide distribution, with stereospondyls experiencing an impressive diversification and becoming major aquatic predators in fresh water, brackish, and even marine ecosystems. The origin of Stereospondyli dates back into the Permian, but the phylogenetic relationships of stereospondylomorphs, including ‘archegosauroids’ and the first stereospondyls remain unclear, representing the focus of the present study. Incorporating new records of the group to a broad revision of the different phylogenic hypotheses, a 37-taxon sample was scored for 221 morphological characters revised from previous works. The parsimony analysis resulted three most parsimonious trees (MPTs) of 737 steps. Their strict consensus tree depicts Sclerocephalidae and Intasuchidae as early-diverging stereospondylomorphs, ‘Archegosauroidea’ as paraphyletic array of taxa and Konzhukoviidae as the sister-group of a monophyletic Stereospondyli. An early-diverging and monophyletic Rhinesuchidae is divided into Australerpetinae and Rhinesuchinae, as the sister-group of the clade containing the Permian Peltobatrachus pustulatus, Arachana nigra, and a newly named clade (Superstes = ‘survivors’) of Triassic stereospondyls, formed by Lydekkerinidae and Neostereospondyli (Capitosauria and Trematosauria). Likelihood ancestral area reconstructions and time-ranging distributions along phylogeny provided a comprehensive description of early Stereospondylomorpha palaeobiogeography history. The initial evolution of the group took place in Laurasian areas (central and eastern Europe) during the Cisuralian and Guadalupian (early-mid Permian), with a broader Pangaean distribution for Platyoposauridae and Konzhukoviidae. Stereospondyls have Africa as their ancestral area, followed by dispersions to other Gondwanan regions during the Guadalupian and Lopingian (mid-late Permian), revealing a remarkable diversity previous to the P-Tr extinction. In the Triassic, Superstes greatly expanded across the Pangaea, highlighting another significant event in the evolution of Stereospondylomorpha.

Resumen

Los temnospóndilos estereospondilomorfos forman un grupo diverso de primeros tetrápodos que sobrevivieron al evento de la extinción Pérmico-Triásica y radiaron durante el Triásico. Ellos abarcan taxones del Carbonífero y el Pérmico de Centro y Este de Europa, tales como los “archegosauroides”, y las primeras formas Gondwánicas divergentes, como los rhinesúquidos. Durante el Triásico Inicial, el grupo alcanzó una distribución mundial, con estereospóndilos experimentando una diversificación impresionante y convirtiéndose en grandes depredadores acuáticos en ecosistemas de agua dulce, salobre e incluso marinos. El origen de Stereospondyli data del Pérmico, pero las relaciones filogenéticas de los esterespondilomorfos, incluyendo “archegosauroides” y los primeros estereospóndilos permanece poco clara, representando el foco del presente estudio. Incorporando nuevos registros del grupo a una amplia revisión de las diferentes hipótesis filogenéticas, una muestra de 37 taxones fue codificada para 221 caracteres morfológicos revisados de trabajos previos. El análisis de parsimonia resultó en tres arboles más parsimoniosos (MPTs en sus siglas en inglés) de 737 pasos. El árbol de consenso estricto representa Sclerocephalidae y Intasuchidae como los primeros estereospondilomorfos divergentes, “Archegosauroidea” como un grupo parafilético de taxones y Konzhukoviidea como el grupo hermano del monofilético grupo Stereospondyli. Rhinesuchidae es monofilético, divergió tempranamente y se divide en Australerpetinae y Rhinesuchinae, como el grupo hermano del clado que contiene el taxón Pérmico Peltobatrachus pustulatus, Arachana nigra, y el nuevo clado aquí nombrado (Superestes=`supervivientes’) de estereospóndilos Triásicos, formado por Lydekkerinidae y Neostereospondyli (Capitosauria y Trematosauria). La reconstrucción del área ancestral potencial y distribución de rangos temporales a lo largo de la filogenia proporcionan una descripción exhaustiva de la historia paleobiogeográfica de Stereospondylomorpha. La evolución inicial del grupo tuvo lugar en áreas de Laurasia (Europa Central y del Este) durante el Cisuraliense y Guadalupiense (Pérmico inicial-medio), con una amplia distribución en Pangea de Platyoposauridae y Konzhukoviidae. Los esterespóndilos tuvieron África como su área ancestral, seguido de dispersiones en otras regiones Gondwánicas durante el Guadalupiense y Lopingiense (Pérmico medio-tardío), revelando una remarcable diversidad previa a la extinción Pérmico-Triásica. En el Triásico, Superstes se expandió enormemente a través de Pangea, destacando otro evento significativo en la evolución de Stereospondylomorpha.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Barberena, M. C. (1998). Australepeton cosgriffi n. g., n. sp., a Late Permian Rhinesuchoid amphibian from Brazil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 70(1), 125–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benton, M. J. (2012). No gap in the Middle Permian record of terrestrial vertebrates. Geology, 40(4), 339–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boos, A. D. S., Kammerer, C. F., Shultz, C. L., & Paes Neto, V. D. (2015). A tapinocephalid dinocephalian (Synapsida, Therapsida) from the Rio do Rasto Formation (Parana Basin, Brazil): taxonomic, ontogenetic and biostratigraphic considerations. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 63, 375–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boy, J. A. (1988). Über einige Vertreter der Eryopoidea (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) aus dem europäischen Rotliegend (? Höchstes Karbon—Perm). 1. Sclerocephalus. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 62, 107–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boy, J. A. (1994). Synopsis of the tetrapods from the Rotliegend (Lower Permian) in the Saar-Nahe Basin (SW-Germany). In U. Heidtke (Ed.), New Research on Permo-Carboniferous Faunas (pp. 155–169). Bad Dürkheim: Pollichia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bremer, K. (1994). Branch support and tree stability. Cladistics, 10, 295–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Button, D. J., Lloyd, G. T., Ezcurra, M. D., & Butler, R. J. (2017). Mass extinctions drove increased global faunal cosmopolitanism on the supercontinent Pangaea. Nature Communications, 8(1), 733.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Canoville, A., & Chinsamy, A. (2015). Bone microstructure of the stereospondyl Lydekkerina huxleyi reveals adaptive strategies to the harsh post Permian-extinction environment. Anatomical Record, 298(7), 1237–1254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cisneros, J. C., Atayman-Güven, S., Rubidge, B. S., Sengör, A. M. C., & Schultz, C. L. (2012). Carnivorous dinocephalian from the Middle Permian of Brazil and tetrapod dispersal in Pangaea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 10, 1584–1588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cisneros, J. C., Marsicano, C., Angielczyk, K. D., Smith, R. M. H., Richter, M., Fröbisch, J., et al. (2015). New Permian fauna from tropical Gondwana. Nature Communications, 6, 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, K. M., Finney, S. C., Gibbard, P. L., & Fan, J.-X. (2013). The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart. Episodes, 36, 199–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, C. B., & Hutchinson, P. (1991). Fishes and amphibians from the Late Permian Pedra do Fogo Formation of northern of Brazil. Paleontology, 34, 561–573.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damiani, R. J. (2001). A systematic revision and phylogenetic analysis of Triassic mastodonsauroids (Temnospondyli: Stereospondyli). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 133, 379–482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damiani, R. J., & Rubidge, B. S. (2003). A review of the South African temnospondyl amphibian record. Palaeontologia Africana, 39, 21–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dias, E. V., & Barberena, M. C. (2001). A temnospondyl amphibian from the Rio do Rasto Formation, Upper Permian of Southern Brazil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 73(1), 135–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dias, E. V., & Schultz, C. L. (2003). The first Paleozoic Temnospondyl postcranial skeleton from South America. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 6, 29–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dias-da-Silva, S., & Hewison, R. (2013). Phylogenetic Analysis and Palaeobiogeography of the Pangaean Lower Triassic Lydekkerinidae (Temnospondyli, Stereospondyli). In 73rd Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (pp. 116–116). Los Angeles.

  • Eltink, E., Dias, E. V., Dias-da-Silva, S., Schultz, C. L., & Langer, M. C. (2016). The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 176, 835–860.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fluteau, F., Besse, J., Broutin, J., & Ramstein, G. (2001). The Late Permian climate. What can be inferred from climate modelling concerning Pangea scenarios and Hercynian range altitude. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 167(1–2), 39–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fortuny, J., Marcé-Nogué, J., Steyer, J. S., de Esteban-Trivigno, S., & Mujal, E. (2016). Comparative 3D analyses and palaeoecology of giant early amphibians (Temnospondyli: Stereospondyli). Scientific Reports, 6, 30387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fraas, E. (1889). Die Labyrinthodonten der Schwäbischen Trias. Palaeontographica, 36, 1–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goloboff, P. A., Farris, J. S., & Nixon, K. C. (2008). TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics, 24, 774–786.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gubin, Y. M. (1991). Permian archegosauroid amphibians of the USSR. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 249, 1–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gubin, Y. M. (1997). Skull morphology of Archegosaurus decheni Goldfuss (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) from the Early Permian of Germany. Alcheringa, 21(1–2), 103–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, S. (2003). Bootstrapping phylogenetic trees: Theory and methods. Statistical Science, 18(2), 241–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeannot, A. M., Damiani, R., & Rubidge, B. S. (2006). Cranial anatomy of the Early Triassic stereospondyl Lydekkerina huxleyi (Tetropoda: Temnospondyli) and the taxonomy of South African lydekkerinids. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26, 822–838.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, M. J., & Truswell, E. M. (1992). Late Carboniferous and Early Permian palynostratigraphy of the Joe Joe Group, southern Galilee Basin, Queensland, and implications for Gondwana Stratigraphy. Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics, 13, 143–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, E. M., Balme, B. E., Helby, R. J., Kyle, R. A., Playford, G., & Price, P. L. (1977). Carboniferous and Permian palynostratigraphy in Australia and Antarctica: a review. Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics, 2, 177–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, S. G., & Heckert, A. B. (2001). The aetosaur Stagonolepis from the Upper Triassic of Brazil and its biochronologic significance. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte, 2001, 719–732.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddison, W. P., & Maddison, D. R. (2011). Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 2.75. http://mesquiteproject.org. Accessed 28 Aug 2018.

  • Marsicano, C. A., Latimer, E., Rubidge, B., & Smith, R. M. H. (2017). The Rhinesuchidae and early history of the Stereospondyli (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) at the end of the Palaeozoic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 181(2), 1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • McHugh, J. B. (2012). Temnospondyl ontogeny and phylogeny, a window into terrestrial ecosystems during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction (pp 1–217). Iowa: PhD Thesis. Univesity of Iowa.

  • Milner, A. R. (1990). The radiation of temnospondyl amphibians. In P. D. Taylor & G. P. Larwood (Eds.), Major Evolutionary Radiations Systematics Association Special (Vol. 42, pp. 322–349). Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milner, A. R. (1993). The Paleozoic relatives of lissamphibians. Amphibian relationships. Phylogenetic analysis of morphology and molecules. Herpetological Monograph, 7, 8–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pacheco, C. P., Eltink, E., Müller, R. T., & Dias-da-Silva, S. (2017). A new Permian temnospondyl with Russian from South America, the new family Konzhukoviidae, and the phylogenetic status of Archegosauroidea. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 15(3), 241–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panchen, A. L. (1959). A new armoured amphibian from the Upper Permian of East Africa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, 242, 207–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pawley, K., & Warren, A. (2005). A terrestrial stereospondyl from the Lower Triassic of South Africa: The postcranial skeleton of Lydekkerina huxleyi (Amphibia: Temnospondyli). Palaeontology, 48, 281–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peters, S. E. (2006). Macrostratigrahy of North America. The Journal of Geology, 114, 391–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piñeiro, G., Ramos, A., & Marsicano, C. A. (2012). A rhinesuchid-like temnospondyl from the Permo-Triassic of Uruguay. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 18, 65–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price, L. I. (1948). Um anfíbio labirintodonte da Formação Pedra do Fogo, estado do Maranhão. Boletim divisão de geologia e mineralogia, Departamento Nacional de Produção Nacional, 124, 1–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees, P. M., Ziegler, A. M., Gibbs, M. T., Kutzbach, J. E., Behling, P. J., & Rowley, D. B. (2002). Permian phytogeographic patterns and climate data/model comparisons. The Journal of Geology, 110(1), 1–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romer, A. S. (1947). Review of the Labyrinthodontia. Bulletin Museum Comparative Zoology Harvard, 99, 1–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruta, M., & Benton, M. J. (2008). Calibrated diversity, tree topology and the mother of mass extinctions the lesson of temnospondyls. Palaeontology, 51(6), 1261–1288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruta, M., Jeffery, J. E., & Coates, M. I. (2003). A supertree of early tetrapods. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 273, 2107–2111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruta, M., Pisani, D., Lloyd, G. T., & Benton, M. J. (2007). A supertree of Temnospondyli: cladogenetic patterns in the most species-rich group of early tetrapods. Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 274, 3087–3095.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoch, R. R. (2000). Biogeography of Stereospondyl amphibians. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, 215(2), 201–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoch, R. R. (2013). The major clades of temnospondyls: an inclusive phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 11, 673–705.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoch, R. R., Fastnacht, M., Fichter, J., & Keller, T. (2007). Anatomy and relationships of the Triassic temnospondyl Sclerothorax. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 52, 117–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoch, R. R., & Milner, A. R. (2000). Stereospondyli, Stem-Stereospondyli, Rhinesuchidae, Rhitidostea, Trematosauroidea, Capitosauroidea. In H. D. Sues (Ed.), Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie (Encyclopdia of Paleoherpetology), Part 3 b. Pfeil: Munich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoch, R. R., & Milner, A. R. (2014). Temnospondyli. In H. D. Sues (Ed.), Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie (Encyclopdia of Paleoherpetology), Part 3 b. Pfeil: Munich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoch, R. R., & Witzmann, F. (2009a). Osteology and relationships of the temnospondyl Sclerocephalus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 157, 135–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoch, R. R., & Witzmann, F. (2009b). The temnospondyl Glanochthon from the Permian Meisenheim Formation of Germany. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 81, 121–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scotese, C. R. (2002). Paleomap Project. http://www.scotese.com. Accessed 8 Oct 2015.

  • Şengör, A. M. C., & Atayman, S. (2009). The Permian extinction and the Thethys: An exercise in global geology (p. 448). Special Paper: Geological Society of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shishkin, M. A., Novikov, I. V., & Gubin, Y. M. (2000). Permian and Triassic Temnospondyls of Russia. In M. J. Benton, M. A. Shishkin, D. M. Unwin, & E. N. Kurochkin (Eds.), The age of dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia (pp. 35–59). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shishkin, M. A., Rubidge, B. S., & Kitching, J. W. (1996). A new lydekkerinid (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) from the lower Triassic of South Africa: implications for evolution of the early capitosauroid cranial pattern. Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society of London B, 351, 1635–1659.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sidor, C. A., Keefe, F. R., Damiani, R., Steyer, J. S., Smith, R. M. H., Larsson, H. C. E., et al. (2005). Permian tetrapods from the Sahara show climate-controlled endemism in Pangaea. Nature, 434, 886–889.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sidor, C. A., Vilhena, D. A., Angielczyk, K. D., Huttenlocker, A. K., Nesbitt, S. J., Peecook, B. R., et al. (2013). Provincialization of terrestrial faunas following the end-Permian mass extinction. Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(20), 8129–8133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stayton, C. T., & Ruta, M. (2006). Geometric morphometrics of the skull roof of stereospondyls (Amphibia: Temnospondyli). Palaeontology, 49, 307–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson, M. H., Angiolini, L., & Leng, M. J. (2007). The Early Permian fossil record of Gondwana and its relationship to deglaciation: a review. In M. Williams, A. Haywood, J. Gregory, & D. Schmidt (Eds.), Deep-time perspectives on climate change: marrying the signal from computer models and biological proxies (pp. 169–189). London: Geological Society of London.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Steyer, J. S., Damiani, R., Sidor, C. A., O’Keefe, R., Larsson, H. C. E., Maga, A., et al. (2006). The vertebrate fauna of the Upper Permian of Niger. IV. Nigerpeton ricqlesi (Temnospondyli: Cochleosauridae), and the edopoid colonization of Gondwana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26, 18–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steyer, J. S., & Jalil, N. E. (2009). First evidence of a temnospondyl in the Late Permian of the Agana Basin, Morocco. Special Papers in Paleontology, 81, 155–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strapasson, A., Pinheiro, F. L., & Soares, M. (2015). On a new Stereospondylomorpha temnospondyl from the Middle/Late Permian of Southern Brazil. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 10, 1–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarailo, D. A. (2018). Taxonomic and ecomorphological diversity of temnospondyl amphibians across the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin (South Africa). Journal of Morphology, 279(12), 1840–1848.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Truswell, E. M. (1980). Permo-Carboniferous palynology of Gondwanaland: progress and problems in the decade of 1980. Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics, 5, 95–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren, A. A. (2000). Secondarily aquatic temnospondyls of the Upper Permian and Mesozoic. In H. Heatwole & R. L. Carroll (Eds.), Amphibian Biology (Vol. 4. Palaeontology) (pp. 1121–1149). Chipping Norton: Surrey Beatty.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren, A. A., Damiani, R. J., & Yates, A. M. (2000). Palaeobiogeography of Australian fossil amphibians. Historical Biology, 15, 171–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D. M. S. (1919). The structure, evolution and origin of the Amphibia. The ‘Orders’ Rachitomi and Stereospondyli. Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society of London B, 209, 1–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D. M. S. (1962). The evolution of Labirinthodonts. Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society of London B, 245, 219-165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werneburg, R., & Steyer, J. S. (2002). Revision of Cheliderpeton vranyi Fritsch, 1877 (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) from the Lower Permian of Bohemia (Czech Republic). Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 76, 149–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wernerburg, R., & Schneider, J. (1996). The Permian temnospondyl amphibians of Índia. In: A. R. Milner. Studies on Carboniferous and Permian vertebrates. Special papers in Paleontology, 52, 105–128.

  • Witzmann, F. (2005). Cranial morphology and ontogeny of the permo-carboniferous temnospondyl Archegosaurus decheni Goldfuss, 1847 from the Saar-Nahe Basin, Germany. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 96, 131–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witzmann, F., & Schoch, R. R. (2006). The postcranium of Archegosaurus decheni, and a phylogenetic analysis of temnospondyl postcrania. Palaeontology, 49, 1211–1235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witzmann, F., & Voigt, S. (2015). An Eryops-like interclavicle from the Early Permian of the Saar-Nahe Basin, and a discussion of temnospondyl interclavicle characters. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 89(3), 449–458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yates, A. M. (1999). The Lapillopsidae: A new family of small temnospondyls from the Early Triassic of Australia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19, 302–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yates, A. M., & Warren, A. A. (2000). The phylogeny of the ‘higher’ temnospondyls (Vertebrata: Choanata) and its implications for the monophyly and origins of the Stereospondyli. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 128(1), 77–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler, A. M., Hulver, M. L., & Rowley, D. B. (1997). Permian world topography and climate. In I. P. Martini (Ed.), Late glacial and postglacial environmental changes: Quaternary, Carboniferous-Permian and Proterozoic (pp. 111–146). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zittel, K. A. (1888). Handbuch der Paläontologie. Abteilung 1. Paläozoologie Band III: Vertebrata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves). Oldenbourg, Munich and Leipzig, p. 890.

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Rodrigo Rocha Machado (DGM), Cesar Leandro Schultz (UFRGS), Philipe Havlik (GPIT), Florian Witzmann (MB), Mathew Lowe (CAMZM), Lorna Steel and Andrew Milner (UKNHM), Yuri Gubin and Mikhail Shishkin (PIN), Bernhard Zipfel and Bruce Rubidge (BPI), Sheena Kaal (IZIKO), Heidi Fourie (TM), and Carl Mehling (AMNH) to provide access to studied specimens in the research. EE was supported by foundations: FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo) [grant number 2009/54656-9]; and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) [grant number 290092-2011-6]. This contribution used TNT v.1.1, a program made freely available by the Willi Hennig Society. Thorough reviews by Florian Witzmann, anonymous reviewer, and Josep Fortuny greatly improved the final manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Colegiado de Ecologia, Av. Tomaz Guimarães, S/N, Bairro Santos Dumont, Senhor do Bonfim, Bahia, Brazil

    Estevan Eltink

  2. Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191, Stuttgart, Germany

    Rainer R. Schoch

  3. Universidade de São Paulo, FFCLRP, Laboratório de Paleontologia, Av Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901, Brazil

    Max C. Langer

Authors
  1. Estevan Eltink
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rainer R. Schoch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Max C. Langer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Estevan Eltink.

Electronic supplementary material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Eltink, E., Schoch, R.R. & Langer, M.C. Interrelationships, palaeobiogeography and early evolution of Stereospondylomorpha (Tetrapoda: Temnospondyli). J Iber Geol 45, 251–267 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41513-019-00105-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41513-019-00105-z

Keywords

Palabras clave

Search

Navigation