Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Arbeitszeitgestaltung und psychische Gesundheit: Die vermittelnde Rolle von zeit- und belastungsbasierten Konflikten zwischen Berufs- und Privatleben

Working time arrangements and mental health: The mediating role of time- and strain-based work-family conflicts

  • Wissenschaftliche Beiträge
  • Published:
Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Dieser Beitrag untersucht, inwieweit der Zusammenhang zwischen Merkmalen der Arbeitszeitgestaltung und psychischer Gesundheit über zeit- und belastungsbasierte Konflikte zwischen Berufs- und Privatleben (Work-Family Conflicts) mediiert wird. Als Arbeitszeitmerkmale werden Arbeitsstunden, Überstunden, Schichtarbeit, Sonn- und Feiertagsarbeit, Flexible Arbeitszeiten, Tele‑/Heimarbeit und Kommunikation außerhalb der Arbeitszeit analysiert, sowie zusätzlich die Betriebskultur in Form wahrgenommener Arbeitgebererwartungen an die Arbeitszeitgestaltung von Beschäftigten bzgl. Erreichbarkeit und Mehrarbeit. Auf Basis eines längsschnittlichen Untersuchungsdesigns und einer für deutsche Großbetriebe repräsentativen Stichprobe von Beschäftigten (N = 3965) werden Mediationsanalysen in Strukturgleichungsmodellen durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass negative Gesundheitseffekte von Schichtarbeit, Sonn- und Feiertagsarbeit, Überstunden sowie Arbeitgebererwartungen an Erreichbarkeit und Mehrarbeit teilweise oder sogar vollständig über solche Konflikte vermittelt werden.

Praktische Relevanz: Die Resultate zeigen, dass ein Teil des Gesundheitsrisikos dadurch erklärt wird, dass Beschäftigte auf Grund der Belastung durch eine bestimmte Arbeitszeitgestaltung größere Konflikte in der Kombination beruflicher und privater Anforderungen erleben, was sich wiederum negativ auf die psychische Gesundheit auswirkt. Dies ist von praktischer Relevanz, da die Vermeidung solcher Konflikte ein greifbarer Ansatzpunkt für betriebliche Gesundheitsförderung ist, durch Arbeitszeitgestaltung bedingte negative Konsequenzen für die Gesundheit von Beschäftigten zu vermeiden.

Abstract

This contribution analyzes whether time- and strain-based Work-family Conflicts mediate the relationship between different aspects of working time arrangements and mental health. Considered aspects of working time arrangements cover working hours, overtime, shiftwork, work on Sundays or public holidays, flexible working hours, home-/telework and communication outside working hours. In addition, workplace culture in terms of perceived employer expectations regarding availability and extra work are analyzed. Based on a longitudinal research design and an employee sample representative of large work organizations in Germany (N = 3965) mediated structural equation analyses are used. Results show that negative health effects of different aspects of working time arrangements such as shift work, work on Sundays or public holidays, overtime or employer expectations regarding availability and extra work are partly or even fully mediated by work-family conflicts.

Practical Relevance: In sum, results indicate that working time arrangements become particularly relevant for mental health when they go along with conflicts between work and private life. This is of practical relevance because the avoidance of such conflicts is a promising starting point for workplace health promotion to prevent negative effects of working time aspects on employee health.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Abb. 1 Fig. 1

Literatur

  • Abendroth AK, Reimann M (2018) Telework and work–family conflict across workplaces: investigating the implications of work–family-supportive and high-demand workplace cultures. In: Lee Blair S, Obradović J (Hrsg) The work-family interface: spillover, complications, and challenges. Contemporary Perspectives in Family Research, Bd. 13. Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, England, S 323–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Adkins CL, Premeaux SF (2012) Spending time: the impact of hours worked on work–family conflict. J Vocat Behav 80:380–389

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen TD, Martin A (2017) The work-family interface: a retrospective look at 20 years of research in JOHP. J Occup Health Psychol 22:259–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen TD, Golden TD, Shockley KM (2015) How effective is telecommuting? Assessing the status of our scientific findings. Psychol Sci Public Interest 16:40–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen TD, Shockley KM, Poteat LF (2008) Workplace factors associated with family dinner behaviors. J Vocat Behav 73:336–342

    Google Scholar 

  • Amlinger-Chatterjee M, Wöhrmann AM (2017) Flexible Arbeitszeiten. Z Arb Wiss 71:39–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen HH, Mühlbacher A, Nübling M (2007) Die SOEP-Version des SF 12 als Instrument gesundheitsökonomischer Analysen. SOEP Papers

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker A, Demerouti E, Verbeke WJMI (2004) Using the job demands-resources model to predict burnout and performance. Hum Resour Manage 43:83–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker AB, Demerouti E, Euwema MC (2005) Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. J Occup Health Psych 10:170–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Bambra C, Whitehead M, Sowden A, Akers J, Petticrew M (2008) “A hard day’s night?” the effects of compressed working week interventions on the health and work-life balance of shift workers: a systematic review. J Epidemiol Community Health 62:764–777

    Google Scholar 

  • Baron RM, Kenny DA (1986) The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol 51:1173–1182

    Google Scholar 

  • Beham B, Drobnič S (2010) Satisfaction with work-family balance among German office workers. J Manage Psychol 25:669–689

    Google Scholar 

  • Brauchli R, Bauer GF, Hämmig O (2011) Relationship between time-based work-life conflict and burnout. Swiss J Psychol 70:165–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler AB, Grzywacz JG, Ettner SL, Liu B (2009) Workplace flexibility, self-reported health, and health care utilization. Work Stress 23:45–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson DS, Kacmar KM, Williams LJ (2000) Construction and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of work–family conflict. J Vocat Behav 56:249–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Caruso CC, Hitchcock EM, Dick RB, Russo JM, Schmit JM (2004) Overtime and extended work shifts: recent findings on illnesses, injuries, and health behaviors. Report Number 2004–143. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandola T et al (2004) Does conflict between home and work explain the effect of multiple roles on mental health? A comparative study of Finland, Japan, and the UK. Int J Epidemiol 33:884–893

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooklin AR et al (2016) Change and stability in work-family conflict and mothers’ and fathers’ mental health: longitudinal evidence from an Australian cohort. Soc Sci Med 155:24–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Demerouti E, Bakker AB, Nachreiner F, Schaufeli WB (2001) The job demands-resources model of burnout. J Appl Psychol 86:499–512

    Google Scholar 

  • Diewald M et al (2014) The SFB-B3 linked employer–employee panel survey (LEEP-B3). Schmollers Jahrb 134:379–389

    Google Scholar 

  • Frone MR, Russell M, Cooper ML (1992) Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: testing a model of the work-family interface. J Appl Psychol 77:65–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost P, Kolstad HA, Bonde JP (2009) Shift work and the risk of ischemic heart disease—a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence. Scand J Work Environ Health 35:163–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallie D, Russell H (2009) Work-family conflict and working conditions in western Europe. Soc Indic Res 93:445–467

    Google Scholar 

  • Geurts S, Rutte C, Peeters M (1999) Antecedents and consequences of work–home interference among medical residents. Soc Sci Med 48:1135–1148

    Google Scholar 

  • Geurts SAE, Kompier MAJ, Roxburgh S, Houtman ILD (2003) Does work–home interference mediate the relationship between workload and well-being? J Vocat Behav 63:532–559

    Google Scholar 

  • Goetzel RZ et al (2004) Health, absence, disability, and presenteeism cost estimates of certain physical and mental health conditions affecting U.S. Employers. J Occup Environ Med 46:398–412

    Google Scholar 

  • Goode WJ (1960) A theory of role strain. Am Sociol Rev 25:483

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenhaus JH, Beutell NJ (1985) Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Acad Manage Rev 10:76–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Hämmig O, Bauer G (2009) Work-life imbalance and mental health among male and female employees in Switzerland. Int J Public Health 54:88–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill EJ, Erickson JJ, Holmes EK, Ferris M (2010) Workplace flexibility, work hours, and work-life conflict: finding an extra day or two. J Fam Psychol 24:349–358

    Google Scholar 

  • van Hooff ML et al (2005) Disentangling the causal relationships between work-home interference and employee health. Scand J Work Environ Health 31:15–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Iacobucci D, Saldanha N, Deng X (2007) A meditation on mediation: evidence that structural equations models perform better than regressions. J Consum Psychol 17:139–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobshagen N, Amstad FT, Semmer NK, Kuster M (2005) Work-Family-Balance im Topmanagement. Z Arbeits Organisationspsychol 49:208–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaga A, Bagraim J, Williams Z (2013) Work-family enrichment and psychological health. S Afr J Ind Psychol 39(2):1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen MT, Knudsen K (2016) A two-wave cross-lagged study of business travel, work–family conflict, emotional exhaustion, and psychological health complaints. Eur J Work Organ Psychol 26:30–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahn RL, Wolfe DM, Quinn RP, Snoek JD (1964) Organizational stress: studies in role conflict and ambiguity. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Karasek RA (1979) Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: implications for job design. Adm Sci Q 24:285–308

    Google Scholar 

  • Knutsson A, Akerstedt T (1992) The healthy-worker effect: self-selection among Swedish shift workers. Work Stress 6:163–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Kossek EE (2016) Managing work-life boundaries in the digital age. Organ Dyn 45:258–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Leineweber C, Baltzer M, Magnusson Hanson LL, Westerlund H (2013) Work-family conflict and health in Swedish working women and men: a 2‑year prospective analysis (the SLOSH study). Eur J Public Health 23:710–716

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenhardt U (2017) Psychische Belastung in der betrieblichen Praxis. Z Arb Wiss 71:6–13

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon DP, Lockwood CM, Williams J (2004) Confidence limits for the indirect effect: distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behav Res 39:99–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchand A, Demers A, Durand P (2005) Does work really cause distress? The contribution of occupational structure and work organization to the experience of psychological distress. Soc Sci Med 61:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Matheson A, O’Brien L, Reid J‑A (2014) The impact of shiftwork on health: a literature review. J Clin Nurs 23:3309–3320

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauno S, Kinnunen U, Ruokolainen M (2006) Exploring work- and organization-based resources as moderators between work–family conflict, well-being, and job attitudes. Work Stress 20:210–233

    Google Scholar 

  • Michel A, Bosch C, Rexroth M (2014) Mindfulness as a cognitive-emotional segmentation strategy: an intervention promoting work-life balance. J Occup Organ Psychol 87:733–754

    Google Scholar 

  • Paridon H (2015) Arbeitszeit und Gesundheit: Befunde zu Dauer, Lage und Variabilität. Z Arb Wiss 69:3–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Du Prel J‑B, Peter R (2015) Work-family conflict as a mediator in the association between work stress and depressive symptoms: cross-sectional evidence from the German lidA-cohort study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 88:359–368

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegrist J (1996) Adverse Health Effects on High-Effort/Low-Reward Conditions. J Occup Health Psych 1(1):27–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinmetz H, Frese M, Schmidt P (2008) A longitudinal panel study on antecedents and outcomes of work–home interference. J Vocat Behav 73:231–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Struck O, Dütsch M, Liebig V, Springer A (2014) Arbeit zur falschen Zeit am falschen Platz?: Eine Matching-Analyse zu gesundheitlichen Beanspruchungen bei Schicht- und Nachtarbeit. J Labour Market Res 47:245–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Treier M (2015) Psychische Belastungsfaktoren. In: Treier M (Hrsg) Gefährdungsbeurteilung psychischer Belastungen. Springer, Wiesbaden, S 21–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker G, Adams R, Wilson D (2014) Results from several population studies show that recommended scoring methods of the SF-36 and the SF-12 may lead to incorrect conclusions and subsequent health decisions. Qual Life Res 23:2195–2203

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulione MS (1996) Physical and emotional health in dual-earner family members. Fam Community Health 19:14–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Wedderburn A (2000) Shiftwork and Health. Report Number 1/2000. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Dublin

    Google Scholar 

  • Wirtz A (2010) Gesundheitliche und soziale Auswirkungen langer Arbeitszeiten. Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin: Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin, Dortmund

    Google Scholar 

  • Wirtz A, Nachreiner F (2010) The effects of extended working hours on health and social well-being—a comparative analysis of four independent samples. Chronobiol Int 27:1124–1134

    Google Scholar 

  • Wirtz A, Nachreiner F, Rolfes K (2011) Sonntagsarbeit – Auswirkungen auf Sicherheit, Gesundheit und Work-Life-Balance der Beschäftigten. Z Arb Wiss 65:136–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Wöhrmann AM (2016) Psychische Gesundheit in der Arbeitswelt. Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA), Dortmund

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fakultät für Soziologie, Universität Bielefeld, Universtitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Deutschland

    Mareike Reimann

Authors
  1. Mareike Reimann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mareike Reimann.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Reimann, M. Arbeitszeitgestaltung und psychische Gesundheit: Die vermittelnde Rolle von zeit- und belastungsbasierten Konflikten zwischen Berufs- und Privatleben. Z. Arb. Wiss. 73, 453–464 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41449-019-00171-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41449-019-00171-0

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Search

Navigation