Abstract
Tomato bacterial canker and stem rot are two of the most devastating bacterial diseases of tomatoes worldwide. Tomato cultivars that are resistant to these diseases are not available; thus, alternative control strategies are needed. In this study, the foliar spray effect of five individual phosphites and a fungicide on tomato bacterial canker and stem rot disease development, chlorophyll concentration, dry weight and stem diameter was investigated under controlled greenhouse conditions in two pot experiments. Phosphites inhibited the growth of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) between 50 and 74%, and raised the chlorophyll concentration estimated by SPAD measurements of tomato leaves up to 30% in phosphite sprayed plants. Likewise, phosphites reduced Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) development among 31% and 82% and induced an relative increases in chlorophyll concentration compared to control. Since the increase in dry weight (up to 15%) and stem diameter (up to 3%) of tomato plants varied in the first experiment, no increase observed for the second experiment. Additionally, no statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were figured out in dry weight and stem diameter of tomato plants compared to positive controls in response to both diseases. These results indicated that phosphites could be included effectively in tomato bacterial canker and stem rot disease management.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbasi P, Lazarovits G (2006) Effect of soil application of AG3 phosphonate on the severity of clubroot of bok choy and cabbage caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae. Plant Dis 90:1517–1522. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-90-1517
Abbott WS (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol 18:265–267. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/18.2.265a
Araújo E, Pereira R, Ferreira M, Quezado-Duval A, Café-Filho AC (2012) Sensitivity of xanthomonads causing tomato bacterial spot to copper and streptomycin and in vivo infra-specific competitive ability in Xanthomonas perforans resistant and sensitive to copper. J Plant Pathol 94:79–87. https://doi.org/10.4454/jpp.fa.2012.004
Araujo L, Bispo WMS, Rios VS, Fernandes SA, Rodrigues FA (2015) Induction of the phenylpropanoid pathway by acibenzolar S-methyl and potassium phosphite increases mango resistance to ceratocystis fimbriata infection. Plant Dis 99:447–459. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-14-0788-RE
Bahadou SA, Ouijja A, Boukhari MA, Tahiri A (2017) Development of field strategies for fire blight control integrating biocontrol agents and plant defense activators in Morocco. J Plant Pathol 99:51–58. https://doi.org/10.4454/jpp.v99i0.3909
Bannari A, Khurshid KS, Staenz K, Schwarz JW (2007) A comparison of hyperspectral chlorophyll indices for wheat crop chlorophyll content estimation using laboratory reflectance measurements. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 45:3063–3074. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2007.897429
Cerqueira A, Alves A, Berenguer H, Correia B, Gómez-Cadenas A, Diez JJ, Monteiro P, Pinto G (2017) Phosphite shifts physiological and hormonal profile of Monterey pine and delays Fusarium circinatum progression. Plant Physiol Biochem 114:88–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.02.020
Costa LC, Debona D, Silveira PR, Cacique IS, Aucique-Pérez CE, Resende RS, Oliveira JR, Rodrigues FA (2020) Phosphites of manganese and zinc potentiate the resistance of common bean against infection by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli. J Phytopathology 168:641–651. https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.12944
da Silva MB, de Resende ML, Pozza EA, Resende AR, Vasconcelos VA, Monteiro AC, Silveira GC, dos Santos BDM (2021) Phosphites for the management of anthracnose in soybean pods. J Plant Pathol 103:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-021-00747-y
Dalio RD, Fleischmann F, Humez M, Osswald W (2014) Phosphite protects Fagus sylvatica seedlings towards Phytophthora plurivora via local toxicity, priming and facilitation of pathogen recognition. PLoS ONE 9:e87860. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087860
De Leon L, Siverio F, Lopez MM, Rodriguez A (2008) Comparative efficiency of chemical compounds for in vitro and in vivo activity against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, the causal agent of tomato bacterial canker. Crop Prot 27:1277–1283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2008.04.004
Díaz CG, Bassanezi RB, Godoy CV, Lopes DB, Bergamin Filho A (2001) Quantificação do efeito do crestamento bacteriano comum na eficiência fotossintética e na produção do feijoeiro. Fitopatol Bras 26:71–76. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-41582001000100012
Fagundes-Nacarath IRF, Debona D, Oliveira ATH, Hawerroth C, Rodrigues FA (2018) Biochemical responses of common bean to white mold potentiated by phosphites. Plant Physiol Biochem 132:308–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.09.016
FAO (2021) Crops and livestock products. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS. Accessed 15 Mar 2022
Farahani AS, Taghavi SM, Afsharifar AA (2016) Effect of β-aminobutyric acid on resistance of tomato against Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. J Plant Dis 123:155–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-016-0028-x
Felipini RB, Boneti JI, Katsurayama Y, Neto ACR, Veleirinho B, Maraschin M, Di Piero RM (2016) Apple scab control and activation of plant defence responses using potassium phosphite and chitosan. Europea J Plant Pathol 145:929–939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-016-0881-2
Figueira EPP, Kuhn OJ, Martinazzo-Portz T, Stangarlin JR, Pereira MDP, Lampugnani C (2020) Histochemical changes induced by Trichoderma spp. and potassium phosphite in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in response to the attack by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Semina Ciências Agrárias 41:811–828. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n3p811
Gentile S, Valentino D, Tamietti G (2009) Control of ink disease by truck injection of potassium phosphite. J Plant Pathol 91:565–571. https://doi.org/10.4454/JPP.V91I3.547
Griffith JM, Coffey MD, Grant BR (1993) Phosphonate inhibition as a function of phosphate concentration in isolates of phytophthora palmivora. Microbiol 139:2109–2116. https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-139-9-2109
Havlin JL, Schlegel AJ (2021) Review of phosphite as a plant nutrient and fungicide. Soil Syst 5:52. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems5030052
Horuz S (2019) Identification of Xanthomonas spp. disease agent/s and the effect of chemical seed treatments to control bacterial spot of pepper. Fresenius Environ Bull 28:6786–6792
Horuz S, Ocal A, Aysan Y (2018) Efficacy of hot water and chemical seed treatments on bacterial speck of tomato in Turkey. Fresenius Environ Bull 27:3185–3190
Huber D, Römbeld V, Weinmann M (2012) Relationship between nutrition, plant diseases and pests. In: Marschner P (ed) Marschner’s mineral nutrition of higher plants, 3rd edn. Academic Press, London, pp 283–298
Jesus Júnior WC, Vale FXR, Martinez CA, Coelho RR, Costa LC, Hau B, Zambolim L (2001) Effects of angular leaf spot and rust on leaf gas exchange and yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Photosynthetica 39:603–606. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015620532467
Johnson D, Inglis D, Miller J (2004) Control of potato tuber rots caused by oomycetes with foliar applications of phosphorous acid. Plant Dis 88:1153–1159. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.10.1153
Jones JB, Zitter TA, Momol TM, Miller SA (2014) Compendium of tomato diseases and pests. American Phytopathological Society, Saint Paul, MN, p 168
Klement Z, Rudolph K, Sands DC (1990) Methods in phytobacteriology. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, p 568
Kotan R, Cakir A, Ozer H, Kordali S, Cakmakci R, Dadasoglu F, Dikbas N, Aydin T, Kazaz C (2014) Antibacterial effects of Origanum onites against phytopathogenic bacteria: possible use of the extracts from protection of disease caused by some phytopathogenic bacteria. Sci Hortic 172:210–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2014.03.016
Lelliott RA, Stead DE (1987) Methods for the diagnosis of bacterial diseases of plants. Black Well Scientific Puplication, Oxford, USA, p 157
Liljeroth E, Lankinen Å, Wiik L, Burra DD, Alexandersson E, Andreasson E (2016) Potassium phosphite combined with reduced doses of fungicides provides efficient protection against potato late blight in large-scale field trials. Crop Prot 86:42–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2016.04.003
Lovatt CJ (1990) A definitive test to determine whether phosphite fertilization can replace phosphate fertilization to supply P in the metabolism of ‘Hass’ on ‘Duke 7.’ California Avocado Soc Yearbook 74:61–64
McDonald AE, Grant BR, Plaxton WC (2001) Phosphite (phosphorous acid): its relevance in the environment and agriculture and influence on plant phosphate starvation response. J Plant Nutrition 24:1505–1519. https://doi.org/10.1081/PLN-100106017
Monteiro ACA, Resende MLV, Valente TCT, Júnior PMR, Pereira VF, Costa JR, Silva JAG (2016) Manganese phosphite in coffee defence against Hemileia vastatrix, the coffee rust fungus: Biochemical and molecular analyses. J Phytopathol 164:11–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.12525
Moore KJ, Dixon PM (2015) Analysis of combined experiments revisited. J Agronomy 107:763–771. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj13.0485
Nakajima MG (2002) Similarity between copper resistance genes from Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae and P. syringae pv. tomato. J General Plant Pathol 68:68–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00013056
Nascimento KJT, Araujo L, Resende RS, Schurt DA, Silva WL, Rodrigues FA (2016) Silicon, acibenzolar-S-methyl and potassium phosphite in the control of brown spot in rice. Bragantia 75:212–221. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.281
Novaes MIC, Debona D, Fagundes-Nacarath IRF, Brás VV, Rodrigues FA (2019) Physiological and biochemical responses of soybean to white mold affected by manganese phosphite and fluazinam. Acta Physiol Plant 41:186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-019-2976-9
Ouimette DG, Coffey MD (1990) Symplastic entry and phloem translocation in phosphonate. Pestic Biochem Physiol 38:18–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-3575(90)90143-P
Percival GC, Banks JM (2015) Phosphite-induced suppression of Pseudomonas bleeding canker (Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi) of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.). J Arboric: Int J Urban for 37:7–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2015.1017388
Polanco LR, Rodrigues FA, Nascimento KJT, Cruz MFA, Curvelo CRS, DaMatta FM, Vale FXR (2014) Photosynthetic gas exchange and antioxidative system in common bean plants infected by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and supplied with silicon. Trop Plant Pathol 39:35–42. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1982-56762014000100005
Reuveni M, Sheglov D, Cohen Y (2003) Control of moldy-core decay in apple fruits by β-aminobutyric acids and potassium phosphites. Plant Dis 87:933–936. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.8.933
Sala F, Costa C, Echer M, Martins M, Blat S (2004) Phosphite effect on hot and sweet pepper reaction to Phytophthora capsici. Sci Agric 61:492–495. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162004000500005
Serin M, Horuz S (2022) Determination of the prevalence of bacterial diseases in tomato greenhouses in Silifke district of Mersin province. Mustafa Kemal Univ J Agric Sci 27:79–87. https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.1026011
Silva O, Santos H, Pria MD, Mio LM (2011) Potassium phosphite for control of downy mildew of soybean. Crop Prot 30:598–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2011.02.015
Smillie R, Grant B, Guest D (1989) The mode of action of phosphite; evidence for both direct and indirect modes of action on three Phytophthora sp. in plants. Phytopathology 79:921–926. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-79-921
TUIK (2020) Meyvesi için yetistirilen sebzeler. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Tarim-111 Accessed 29 Jan 2022
Vinas M, Mendez JC, Jimenez VM (2020) Effect of foliar applications of phosphites on growth, nutritional status and defense responses in tomato plants. Sci Hortic 265:109200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109200
Acknowledgements
This work was performed as part of a Master's thesis, and the authors thank Erciyes University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit for financial support (FYL 2020 10475).
Funding
Erciyes University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (FYL 2020 10475).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The author, Tolgahan Ahmet Coskun, contributed to run and control the experiments. The author, Sumer Horuz contributed to plan the work, collect and interpret the data, and write the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Coskun, T.A., Horuz, S. Phosphites for the management of tomato bacterial canker and stem rot. J Plant Dis Prot 130, 609–617 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-023-00725-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-023-00725-9