Abstract
Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a significant pest in soft fruits such as elderberries. Laying of eggs into fruits shortly before harvest results in fruit decay and quick collapse. Practically oriented field trials were set up in three commercial elderberry farms in Styria and Lower Austria from 2018 to 2020 to test alternative, sustainable pest control options. The effect of combinations of diatomaceous earth, paraffin oil, gum arabic, Ca(OH)2 and maltodextrin with wetting agents based on orange oil/alcohol ethoxylate, polyetherdimethylsiloxanes and terpene oligomers was compared to currently used conventional insecticide treatments (spinosad, lambda-cyhalothrin, acetamiprid) and to an untreated control. Three to five treatments per orchard were applied from the beginning of infestations until harvest. Microscopic analyses of the berries and visual inspections of the umbels allowed evaluation of oviposition, larval development and overall conditions of the umbels for the individual treatments. Diatomaceous earth combined with a wetting agent based on orange oil/alcohol ethoxylate had the most promising effect: the treatment significantly reduced oviposition, reduced instars in berries and improved the conditions of the umbels in all test years as compared to the control. Moreover, Ca(OH)2 and gum arabic combined with polyetherdimethylsiloxanes lead to a significant reduction of oviposition. Development of flies in the berries was identified as major cause for premature berry drop. These findings may provide a basis for the application of alternative control strategies.
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Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Thomas Reiter, Franz Gruber and Katharina Baumgartner for the protection applications in their elderberry orchards. We are grateful to Alfred Griesbacher, Manfred Wiesenhofer and Stefan Lampl for fruitful discussions and support during the practical implementation of the experiments. Selina Griesbacher deserves our thanks for the collection of the elderberry samples. Furthermore, we are indebted to Dr. Bernhard Spangl and Stefan Möth for their advice on the statistical analysis and to Helen Murray for proof reading of the manuscript. The work was supported by the European Union and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Regions and Tourism in the frame of the Agricultural European Innovation Partnership (EIP-AGRI): LE 14-20; application numbers 16.1.1-S2-20/18 and 16.2.1-S2-20/18; “KEFStrat”.
Funding
The research work was supported by the European Union and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Regions and Tourism in the frame of the Agricultural European Innovation Partnership (EIP-AGRI): LE 14–20 application numbers: 16.1.1-S2-20/18 and 16.2.1-S2-20/18; “KEFStrat”.
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MK, MR-B and GB conceived and planned the experiments. MK, MM and MR-B carried out the entomological studies, evaluated the condition of the umbels and collected the data. MR-B and MK conducted the statistical analyses. MK, MR-B and GB wrote the first version of the paper, and all authors contributed to the final version of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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41348_2022_598_MOESM1_ESM.pdf
Aerial view of the elderberry orchard in Nitscha, 2018. Solid lines depict the borders of the orchard and of the five individual treatment plots (A, B, C, D, E). Framed dashed lines indicate sampling locations.
A: Untreated control; B: Promanal; C: SilicoSec-Wetcit; D: Wetcit; E: SpinTor (PDF 732 kb)
41348_2022_598_MOESM2_ESM.pdf
Aerial view of the elderberry orchard in St. Anna 2019. Solid lines depict the borders of the orchard and of the five individual treatment plots (A, B, C, D, E). Framed dashed lines indicate sampling locations.
A: Untreated control; B: Gum Arabic-Silwet Top; C: SilicoSec-Wetcit; D: fiMUM Fruchtkalk-Silwet Top; E: SpinTor (PDF 220 kb)
41348_2022_598_MOESM3_ESM.pdf
Aerial view of the elderberry orchard in Nitscha, 2020. Solid lines depict the borders of the orchard and of the individual treatment plots (A1,2, B1,2, C, D1,2). Framed dashed lines indicate sampling locations.
A1, 2: Untreated control 1, 2; B1,2: SilicoSec-Eradicoat-Helioterpen 1,2; C: SilicoSec-Wetcit 1,2; D1,2: Mospilan, SpinTor, Karate Zeon 1,2. (PDF 274 kb)
41348_2022_598_MOESM4_ESM.pdf
Aerial view of the elderberry orchard in Untermarkersdorf 2020. Solid lines depict the borders of the orchard and the individual treatment plots (A, B, C, D). Framed dashed lines indicate sampling locations.
A: SpinTor; B: Untreated control; C: SilicoSec-Eradicoat-Helioterpen; D: SilicoSec-Wetcit. (PDF 148 kb)
41348_2022_598_MOESM5_ESM.pdf
Environmental conditions in Nitscha in 2018-2019 starting in July until the end of the field trails. Arrows indicate the start of the field trials; the dashed line visualizes the 30°C threshold. (PDF 246 kb)
41348_2022_598_MOESM6_ESM.pdf
Environmental conditions in St. Anna in 2018-2019 starting in July until the end of the field trails. Arrows indicate the start of the field trials, the dashed line visualizes the 30°C threshold. (PDF 212 kb)
41348_2022_598_MOESM7_ESM.pdf
Environmental conditions in Untermarkersdorf in 2020 starting in July until the end of the field trails. Arrows indicate the start of the field trials, the dashed line visualizes the 30°C threshold. (PDF 153 kb)
41348_2022_598_MOESM8_ESM.pdf
Effect of treatments on visual classification of the umbels in 2018 (August 30). Spin: SpinTor (reference treatment); Sil: Silicosec-Wetcit; Prom: Promanal; Wet: Wetcit; Contr: untreated control.
Classification of umbels: (1)At maximum 10% of the total berries are damaged due to deposition of eggs and larval activity or missing; no or nearly no sap leakage due to larval activity. (a)Berries are intact; the surface of the umbel is dry.(b)Up to 10% of the total berries are damaged due to deposition of eggs and/or larval activity or missing; no or nearly no sap leakage due to larval activity. (2)More than 10% of the berries are damaged or missing; sap leakage due to larval activity.(a)10%-50% of total berries are damaged or missing; sap leakage due to larval activity (b)More than 50% of the total berries are damaged or missing; large quantity of sap leakage due to larval activity. (PDF 52 kb)
41348_2022_598_MOESM9_ESM.pdf
Developmental stages of flies in berries from umbels on the trees (Umbel) and berries detached from umbels on the ground (Ground). Berries from the control treatment only were compared in 2018 (upper lane) and 2020 in Nitscha (lower lane; N/sampling date =50 for Ins, SilEra, Contr; N=25 for Sil); L1, L2, L3: 1st, 2nd, 3rd instars, P: Pupa. (PDF 167 kb)
41348_2022_598_MOESM10_ESM.pdf
Effects of treatments on egg infestation of berries and numbers of eggs per berry on trees in 2019. Spin: SpinTor (reference treatment); Sil: Silicosec-Wetcit; Cal: fIMUM Fruchtkalk-Silwet Top; Gum ar: Gum Arabic-Silwet Top; Contr: untreated control. (PDF 117 kb)
41348_2022_598_MOESM11_ESM.pdf
Effects of treatments on numbers of instars and pupae in berries in umbels on the trees (Position: Umbel-A) and berries detached from umbels on the ground (Position: Ground-B) in Nitscha in 2020. Ins: SpinTor, Karate Zeon, Mospilan (reference treatment); Sil: Silicosec-Wetcit; SilEra: Silicosec-Eradicoat-Helioterpen; Contr: untreated control. N/sampling date and treatment =50 for Ins, SilEra, Contr; N=25 for Sil. (PDF 272 kb)
41348_2022_598_MOESM12_ESM.pdf
Effects of treatments on egg infestation of berries and numbers of eggs per berry on trees in Untermarkersdorf in 2020. Spin: SpinTor (reference treatment); Sil: Silicosec-Wetcit; SilEra: Silicosec-Eradicoat-Helioterpen; Contr: untreated control. (PDF 111 kb)
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Krutzler, M., Brader, G., Madercic, M. et al. Efficacy evaluation of alternative pest control products against Drosophila suzukii in Austrian elderberry orchards. J Plant Dis Prot 129, 939–954 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-022-00598-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-022-00598-4