Abstract
In vitro and in planta determination and quantification of deoxynivalenol (DON) are a crucial step in food safety. tri13 amplicons of 282 bp and tri3 partial region of 863 bp were obtained from 16 isolates with DON and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON) mycotoxin profiles. Similarly, 42 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON) isolates yielded 282-bp band of tri13 and 583 bp of tri3 gene in multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. None of the isolates were characterized as NIV producers via PCR. All Fusarium isolates have been determined as high-level DON producers (more than 1 ppm) via tri5–tri6 intergenic regions polymorphisms. tri11 expression via reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) confirmed results obtained at genomic level. High-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis showed that DON and/or acetylated derivatives can be co-produced with NIV. Even if each assay characterized Turkish Fusarium species as high trichothecene producer via PCR assays, HPLC analysis yielded 0–2481 µg/kg level of trichothecene production including DON, 3-AcDON and NIV. In this study, chemotype determination was carried out via multiplex PCR and tri13, and tri3 genes were co-targeted in a single reaction tube. It is posited that this is the first report on low- and high-level DON production differentiation analysis in Fusarium graminearum isolates via tri5–tri6 intergenic region analysis worldwide. Results showed that high- and low-DON production potential of F. culmorum isolates’ from tri5 to tri6 nucleotide data could be useful in other Fusarium sp. characterization. This study covers the widest range of geographical regions in Turkey to be subjected to comprehensive class B-trichothecene analysis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alexander NJ, McCormick SP, Waalwijk C, Lee TVD, Proctor RH (2011) The genetic basis for 3-ADON and 15-ADON trichothecene chemotypes in Fusarium. Fungal Genet Biol 48:485–495
Bai G, Shaner G (2004) Management and resistance in wheat and barley to fusarium head blight. Annu Rev Phytopathol 42:135–161
Bakan B, Delville CG, Pinson L, Richard-Molard D, Fournier E, Brygoo Y (2002) Identification of Fusarium culmorum strains producing large and small amounts of deoxinivalenol. Appl Environ Microbiol 68(11):5472–5479
Bily AC et al (2004) Analysis of Fusarium graminearum mycotoxins in different biological matrices by LC/MS. Mycopathologia 157:117–126
Brown DW, McCormick SP, Alexander NJ, Proctor RH, Desjardins AE (2001) A genetic and biochemical approach to study trichothecene diversity in Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 32(2):121–133
Burgess LW, Summerrell BA, Bullock S, Gott KP, Backhouse D (1994) Laboratory Manual for Fusarium Research, 3rd edn. University of Sydney Press, Sydney, pp 12–16
Castañares E, Albuquerque DR, Dinolfo MI, Pinto VF, Patriarca A, Stenglein SA (2014) Trichothecene genotypes and production profiles of Fusarium graminearum isolates obtained from barley cultivated in Argentina. Int J Food Microbiol 179:57–63
Chandler EA, Simpson DR, Thomsett MA, Nicholson P (2003) Development of PCR assays to tri7 and tri13 trichothecene biosynthetic and characterisation of chemotypes of Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium cerealis. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 62:355–367
Chang HL, DeVries JW, Larson PA, Patel HH (1984) Rapid determination of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) by liquid chromatography using modifie Romer cleanup column. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 67:52–54
Cuomo CA et al (2007) The Fusarium graminearum genome reveals a link between localized polymorphism and pathogen specialization. Science 317:1400–1402
Foroud NA, Eudes F (2009) Trichothecenes in cereal grains. Int J Mol Sci 10:147–173
Frandsen RJ, Nielsen NJ, Maolanon N, Sørensen JC, Olsson S, Nielsen J, Giese H (2006) The biosynthetic pathway for aurofusarin in Fusarium graminearum reveals a close link between the naphthoquinones and naphthopyrones. Mol Microbiol 61:1069–1080
Gilbert J, Abramson D, Mccallum B, Clear R (2001) Comparison of Canadian Fusarium graminearum isolates for aggressiveness, vegetative compatibility, and production of ergosterol and mycotoxins. Mycopathologia 153:209–215
Gutleb AC, Morrison E, Murk AJ (2002) Cytotoxicity assay for mycotoxins produced by Fusarium strains. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 11:309–320
Haratian M, Sharifnabi B, Alizadeh A, Safaie N (2008) PCR analysis of the tri13 gene to determine the genetic potential of Fusarium graminearum isolates from Iran to produce nivalenol and deoxynivalenol. Mycopathologia 166:109–116
Hue FX, Huerre M, Rouffault MA, Bievre CD (1999) Specific detection of Fusarium species in blood and tissues by a PCR technique. J Clin Microbiol 37:2434–2438
Jennings P, Coates ME, Turner JA, Chandler EA, Nicholson P (2004) Determination of deoxinivalenol and nivalenol chemotypes of Fusarium culmorum isolates from England and Wales by PCR assay. Plant Pathol 53:182–190
Ji L, Cao K, Hu T, Wang S (2007) Determination of deoxinivalenol and nivalenol chemotypes of Fusarium graminearum isolates from China by PCR assay. J Phytopathol 155:505–512
Kimura M, Tokai T, O’Donnell K, Ward TJ, Fujimura M, Hamamoto H, Shibata T, Yamaguchi I (2003) The trichothecene biosynthesis gene cluster of Fusarium graminearum F15 contains a limited number of essential pathway genes and expressed non-essential genes. FEBS Lett 539:105–110
Kimura M, Tokai T, Takahashi-Ando N, Ohsato S, Fujimura M (2007) Molecular and genetic studies of Fusarium trichothecene biosynthesis: pathways, gene and evolution. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71:2105–2123
Lee T, Oh DW, Kim HS, Lee J, Kim YH, Yun SH, Lee YW (2001) Identification of deoxynivalenol- and nivalenol-producing chemotypes of Gibberella zeae by using PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:2966–2972
Lee T, Han YH, Kim KH, Yun SH, Lee YW (2002) Tri13 and Tri7 determine deoxynivalenol- and nivalenol- producing chemotypes of Gibberella zeae. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:2148–2154
Lee J, Kim H, Jeon JJ, Kim HS, Zeller KA, Carter LLA, Leslie JF, Lee YW (2012) Population structure of and mycotoxin production by Fusarium graminearum from maize in South Korea. Appl Environ Microbiol 78:2161–2167
Li HP, Wu AB, Zhao CS, Scholten O, Löffler H, Liao YC (2005) Development of a generic PCR detection of deoxynivalenol- and nivalenol-chemotypes of Fusarium graminearum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 243:505–511
Lysøe E et al (2014) The genome of the generalist plant pathogen Fusarium avenaceum is enriched with genes involved in redox, signaling and secondary metabolism. PLoS ONE 9(11):1–17
Malbran I, Mourelos CA, Girotti JR, Balatti PA, Lori GA (2014) Toxigenic capacity and trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum isolates from Argentina and their relationship with aggressiveness and fungal expansion in the wheat spike. Phytopathology 104:357–364
Mert-Türk F, Gencer G (2013) Distribution of the 3-ADON, 15-ADON, and NIV chemotypes of Fusarium culmorum in the North-West of Turkey. Plant Prot Sci 49(2):57–64
Mert-Türk F, Gencer R, Kahriman F (2014) Chemotyping of the Fusarium graminearum isolates and variation in aggressiveness against wheat heads. J Anim Plant Sci 24(6):1858–1862
Miller JD, Greenhalgh R, Wang YZ, Lu M (1991) Trichothecene chemotypes of three Fusarium species. Mycologia 83:121–130
Nicholson P, Simpson DR, Weston G, Rezanoor HN, Lees AK (1998) Detection and quantification of Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum in cereals using PCR assays. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 53:17–37
Nielsen LK, Jensen JD, Rodríguez A, Jørgensen LN, Justesen AF (2012) TRI12 based quantitative real-time PCR assays reveal the distribution of trichothecene genotypes of F. graminearum and F. culmorum isolates in Danish small grain cereals. Int J Food Microbiol 157:384–392
Nielsen KF, Frisvad JC, Logrieco A (2015) Analyses of black Aspergillus species of peanut and maize for ochratoxins and fumonisins. J Food Prot 77(5):805–813
Niessen L (2007) PCR-based diagnosis and quantification of mycotoxin producing fungi. Int J Food Microbiol 19:38–46
Niu C, Kebede H, Auld DL, Woodward JE, Burow G, Wright RJ (2008) A safe inexpensive method to isolate high quality plant and fungal DNA in an open laboratory environment. Afr J Biotechnol 7(16):2818–2822
Palencia ER, Mitchell TR, Snook ME, Glenn AE, Gold S, Hinton DM, Riley RT, Bacon CW (2014) Analyses of black Aspergillus species of peanut and maize for ochratoxins and fumonisins. J Food Prot 77(5):805–813
Parry DW, Jenkinson P, McLeod L (1995) Fusarium ear blight (scab) in small grain cereals—a review. Plant Pathol 44:207–238
Pasquali M, Migheli Q (2014) Genetic approaches to chemotype determination in type B-trichothecene producing Fusaria. Int J Food Microbiol 189:164–182
Paulitz TC, Smiley RW, Cook RJ (2002) Insights into the prevalence and management of soilborne cereal pathogens under direct seeding in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A. Can J Plant Pathol 24:416–428
Saharan MS, Kumar J, Nagarajan S (2004) Fusarium head blight (FHB) or head scab of wheat—a review. Proc Natl Acad Sci India 3:255–268
Scherm B, Orru M, Balmas V, Spanu F, Azara E, Delogu G, Hammond TM, Keller NP, Migheli Q (2011) Altered trichothecene biosynthesis in TRI6-silenced transformants of Fusarium culmorum influences the severity of crown and foot rot on durum wheat seedlings. Mol Plant Pathol 12(8):759–771
Sudakin DL (2003) Trichothecenes in the environment: relevance to human health. Toxicol Lett 143:97–107
Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S (2013) MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol 30:2725–2729
Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ (1994) CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucl Acids Res 22:4673–4680
Tunali B, Özseven İ, Büyük O, Erdurmuş D, Demirci A (2006) Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol accumulation of wheat in Marmara region and reactions of wheat cultivars and lines to F. graminearum and Fusarium culmorum. Plant Pathol J 5(2):150–156
Tunali B, Nicol JM, Hodson D, Uçkun Z, Büyük O, Erdurmuş D, Hekimhan H, Aktaş H, Akbudak AM, Bağci SA (2008) Root and crown rot fungi associated with spring, facultative, and winter wheat in Turkey. Plant Dis 92(9):1299–1306
Wang JH, Li HP, Qu B, Zhang JB, Huang T, Chen FF, Liao YC (2008) Development of a generic PCR detection of 3-acetyldeoxy-nivalenol-, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol- and nivalenol-chemotypes of Fusarium graminearum clade. Int J Mol Sci 9:2495–2504
Windels CR (2000) Economic and social impacts of fusarium head blight: changing farms and rural communities in the Northern Great Plains. Phytopathology 90(1):17–21
Yli-Mattila T, Rämö S, Hietaniemi V, Hussien T, Carlobos-Lopez AL, Cumagun CJR (2013) Molecular quantification and genetic diversity of toxigenic Fusarium species in Northern Europe as compared to those in Southern Europe. Microorganisms 1:162–174
Yörük E, Albayrak G (2012) Chemotyping of Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum isolates from Turkey by PCR assay. Mycopathologia 173:53–61
Yörük E, Albayrak G (2013) Genetic characterization of Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum isolates from Turkey by using random-amplified polymorphic DNA. Genet Mol Res 12(2):1360–1372
Yörük E, Albayrak G (2014) Tri4 and tri5 gene expression analysis in Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum isolates by qPCR. Plant Pathol J 13(2):133–138
Yörük E, Gazdağli A, Albayrak G (2014) Class B trichothecene chemotyping in Fusarium species by PCR assay. Genetika 46(3):661–669
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the Board of Regents of Istanbul Yeni Yüzyil University and TÜBİTAK 109O476 and 111O835 numbered projects. Fungal material was obtained from TÜBİTAK projects numbered 109O476 and 111O835.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yörük, E., Tunali, B., Kansu, B. et al. Characterization of high-level deoxynivalenol producer Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum isolates caused head blight and crown rot diseases in Turkey. J Plant Dis Prot 123, 177–186 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-016-0027-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-016-0027-y