Abstract
The genus Salicornia is a perennial halophyte found in saline ecosystems in the Mediterranean area and presents socioeconomic, ecological, and numerous health interests. This work aimed to examine the nutritional profile of the aerial part of Salicornia arabica (S. arabica), as well as the antioxidant properties, antimicrobial activity, and cytotoxicity of its freeze-dried decocted extract (DDE). The aerial part of S. arabica showed, on a dry basis, high amounts of sodium (≥ 4.4%) and calcium (~ 4.4%). The essential amino acids (~ 24% of total amino acids) are dominated by leucine (~ 8.62%) and lysine (~ 7.05%). The main abundant fatty acids were: gadoleic acid (~ 28.49%), palmitic acid (~ 15.12%), and linoleic acid (~ 14.09%). Salicornia extract showed an interesting antioxidant activity measured using 2'-Azino bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 1.1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. It provides high amounts of phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid: 1440 mg/kg, quinic acid: 762.7 mg/kg, and caffeic acid: 529 mg/kg) and antioxidant minerals (zinc: ~ 18.60%, manganese: ~ 14.60%, and selenium: ~ 1.81%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) varied from 50 mg/mL for Salmonella enterica CECT 4396, Bacillus subtilis American type culture collection (ATCC) 14579, and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 to 140 mg/mL for Escherichia coli CECT 405. The inhibitory effect of DDE was confirmed in broth for Salmonella enterica CECT 4396. The DDE (0.4–400 µg/mL) did not present any cytotoxic effect on non-tumor 293 T, RAW 264.7 and tumor A549 cell lines. These findings suggest that S. arabica is a valuable source of nutrients and antioxidants. It could be cultivated through an innovative sustainable approach using saline lands and could be valorized as a dietary supplement, nutraceutical, and natural antimicrobial agent.
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Data will be made available on request.
Abbreviations
- 293T cell line:
-
Epithelial human embryonic kidney cells
- A549 cell line:
-
Tumor cells of epithelial human lung adenocarcinoma
- ABTS:
-
2'-Azino bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid
- B:
-
Boron
- Ca:
-
Calcium
- Cr:
-
Chromium
- Cu:
-
Copper
- DDE:
-
Freeze-dried decocted extract
- DHA:
-
Docosahexaenoic acid
- DPPH:
-
1.1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
- EPA:
-
Eicosapentaenoic acid
- Fe:
-
Iron
- FRAP:
-
Ferric reducing antioxidant power
- IA:
-
Atherogenicity index
- IT:
-
Thrombogenicity index
- K:
-
Potassium
- MBC:
-
Minimum bactericidal concentrations
- Mg:
-
Magnesium
- MIC:
-
Minimum inhibitory concentration
- Mn:
-
Manganese
- MUFAs:
-
Monounsaturated fatty acids
- Na:
-
Sodium
- RAW 264.7 cell line:
-
Murine macrophage-like cells
- P:
-
Phosphorus
- PUFAs:
-
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- S. arabica :
-
Salicornia arabica
- Se:
-
Selenium
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscopic
- SFAs:
-
Saturated fatty acids
- TE:
-
Trolox equivalent
- TEAC:
-
Antioxidant capacity of equivalent Trolox
- Zn:
-
Zinc
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Funding
This research was funded by the Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MHESR) through the MOBIDOC scheme, PromESsE project, Reference Number 417 and EU program, PAQ Collabora project: Ani-Biobank: Tunisian rodents used for testing biomolecules of economic interest, 2020–2023, and Partnership on Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area (PRIMA). ARTISANEFOOD Project, grant no. PRIMA-S2-2018- PCI2019-103453.
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Chrigui, S., Ben Zid, M., Madureira, J. et al. Insight into the nutritional potential and the antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity activities of the aerial edible part of halophytic plant Salicornia arabica L. Euro-Mediterr J Environ Integr (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41207-024-00499-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41207-024-00499-y