Abstract
Salient object detection (SOD) is a long-standing research topic in computer vision with increasing interest in the past decade. Since light fields record comprehensive information of natural scenes that benefit SOD in a number of ways, using light field inputs to improve saliency detection over conventional RGB inputs is an emerging trend. This paper provides the first comprehensive review and a benchmark for light field SOD, which has long been lacking in the saliency community. Firstly, we introduce light fields, including theory and data forms, and then review existing studies on light field SOD, covering ten traditional models, seven deep learning-based models, a comparative study, and a brief review. Existing datasets for light field SOD are also summarized. Secondly, we benchmark nine representative light field SOD models together with several cutting-edge RGB-D SOD models on four widely used light field datasets, providing insightful discussions and analyses, including a comparison between light field SOD and RGB-D SOD models. Due to the inconsistency of current datasets, we further generate complete data and supplement focal stacks, depth maps, and multi-view images for them, making them consistent and uniform. Our supplemental data make a universal benchmark possible. Lastly, light field SOD is a specialised problem, because of its diverse data representations and high dependency on acquisition hardware, so it differs greatly from other saliency detection tasks. We provide nine observations on challenges and future directions, and outline several open issues. All the materials including models, datasets, benchmarking results, and supplemented light field datasets are publicly available at https://github.com/kerenfu/LFSOD-Survey.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 62176169, 62172228, 61703077, 61773270), and SCU-Luzhou Municipal People’s Government Strategic Cooperation Project (No. 2020CDLZ-10).
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Keren Fu received his dual Ph.D. degrees from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China, and Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, under the joint supervision of Prof. Jie Yang and Prof. Irene Yu-Hua Gu. He is currently a research associate professor with the College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, China. His current research interests include visual computing, saliency analysis, and machine learning.
Yao Jiang is currently pursuing his master degree in the College of Computer Science, Sichuan University under the supervision of Dr. Keren Fu. His research interests include machine learning and computer vision.
Ge-Peng Ji received his master degree in communication and information systems from the School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, China. He is currently a research intern at the Inception Institute of Artificial Intelligence (IIAI), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. His research interests lie in designing deep neural networks and applying deep learning to various fields of low-level vision, such as camouflaged/salient object detection, video salient object detection, and medical image segmentation.
Tao Zhou received his Ph.D. degree in pattern recognition and intelligent systems from the Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, in 2016. From 2016 to 2018, he was a postdoctoral fellow in the BRIC and IDEA Lab, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. From 2018 to 2020, he was a research scientist at the Inception Institute of Artificial Intelligence (IIAI), Abu Dhabi. He is currently a professor in the School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China. His research interests include machine learning, computer vision, and medical image analysis.
Qijun Zhao is currently a professor in the College of Computer Science at Sichuan University. He is also a visiting professor in the School of Information Science and Technology at Tibet University. He obtained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in computer science both from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and his Ph.D. degree in computer science from Hong Kong Polytechnic University. He worked as a post-doctoral research fellow in the Pattern Recognition and Image Processing Lab at Michigan State University from 2010 to 2012. His research is in the fields of pattern recognition, image processing, and computer vision.
Deng-Ping Fan received his Ph.D. degree from Nankai University in 2019. He joined the Inception Institute of Artificial Intelligence (IIAI) in 2019. He has published over 30 top journal and conference papers. His research interests include computer vision, deep learning, and saliency detection, especially human vision for co-salient object detection, RGB salient object detection, RGB-D salient object detection, and video salient object detection.
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Fu, K., Jiang, Y., Ji, GP. et al. Light field salient object detection: A review and benchmark. Comp. Visual Media 8, 509–534 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41095-021-0256-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41095-021-0256-2