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Assessing the Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Marine Mucilage Utilizing In-Situ and Remote Sensing Data (Sentinel-1, -2, -3)

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Abstract

In spring 2021, mucilage, also known as “sea snot” or “sea saliva” has been intensely observed in the Sea of Marmara and has reached a threatening level. Due to the declining water quality, many marine organisms have perished, the fishing industry and tourism have been adversely affected. In this paper, a detailed investigation was carried out to assess the effects of mucilage phenomenon on the seawater quality, sea surface temperature, and backscattered radar signal power in two separate mucilage-covered areas in the Sea of Marmara. The quality of the mucilage-covered seawater was investigated by calculating physico-chemical parameters such as sea surface temperature, electrical conductivity, the potential of hydrogen, suspended solids, dissolved oxygen concentration, and chlorophyll-a in the water samples taken. With in-situ measurements, the spectral responses of intense and middle-intense mucilage were determined by a full-range spectroradiometer and compared with the spectral signature of clean seawater. Furthermore, utilizing space-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical images of Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-3, the effects of mucilage on spectral reflectance, radar signal backscattering, and sea surface temperature were investigated depending on its intensity. The results of in-situ measurements and laboratory analyses showed considerable effects of mucilage on water quality. The space-borne analyses demonstrated that middle-intense and intense mucilage cause approximately 0.5 and 1-decibel decrease in backscattered radar signal power against clean water. In terms of sea surface temperature, the differences between clean seawater and middle-intense and intense mucilage areas were estimated as 1.05–2.25 °C, respectively.

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Availability of Data and Materials

Sentinel-1, -2, -3 space-borne data used in this study is available on European Space Agency Copernicus Sentinel Data Hub.

Code Availability

No code declaration by the authors.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank European Space Agency for providing Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, and Sentinel-3 satellite images as free of charge.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey

    Umut Gunes Sefercik, Ismail Colkesen, Taskin Kavzoglu & Muhammed Yusuf Ozturk

  2. Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey

    Nizamettin Ozdogan

Authors
  1. Umut Gunes Sefercik
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  2. Ismail Colkesen
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  3. Taskin Kavzoglu
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  4. Nizamettin Ozdogan
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  5. Muhammed Yusuf Ozturk
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Contributions

All authors contributed to conception and design of the study. Materials were prepared by all authors. In-situ and remote sensing data were collected by UGS, IC, TK and MYO. Physico-chemical water quality analyses were performed by NO. Space-borne data analyses were performed by UGS, IC and TK. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Umut Gunes Sefercik.

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The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Sefercik, U.G., Colkesen, I., Kavzoglu, T. et al. Assessing the Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Marine Mucilage Utilizing In-Situ and Remote Sensing Data (Sentinel-1, -2, -3). PFG (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41064-023-00254-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41064-023-00254-y

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