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Monitoring Flooding Damages in Vegetation Caused by Mining Activities Using Optical Remote Sensing

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Abstract

Ground removal during the mineral extraction in mine galleries provokes permanent changes in ground compacting during mine exploitation and after mine closure. In extreme cases, the loss of cohesion in ground layer over mines causes surface subsidence and eventually the emergence of flooded areas on the surface. Mining companies are obligated to the surveillance and mending of damages caused by the mines during and after the exploitation of the mine. For that reason, it is necessary to determine accurately if the causes of a flooding are related to their activity or to other causes. The objective of the present study is to locate mine-related flooding using a two-step workflow that involves remote sensing data. First, a screening on water bodies was applied using multispectral data at landscape level followed by a multi-temporal analysis to detect changes in the distribution of water bodies. A second step addressed the differentiation of mine-related flooded areas from other dynamic water bodies using high-resolution hyperspectral data over vegetation affected by flooding. The proposed workflow reduces costs of monitoring for mining companies by identifying potential flooding areas, while an exhaustive study can be done in few selected areas to assure the causes of the flooding using technology that is more sophisticated. Even though supervision by experts is required at some steps of the workflow, the proposed methods can be integrated in a geoportal to permit a broad spectrum of users the access to the information.

Zusammenfassung

Monitoring potentiell von Bergbauaktivitäten hervorgerufener Vernässungsschäden der Vegetation mittels optischer Fernerkundungsverfahren. Zur Unterstützung der Umsetzung rechtlicher Vorgaben wurden in GMES4Mining mit Blick auf das Monitoring von potentiellen Auswirkungen des Bergbaus die Potenziale innovativer Fernerkundungsmethoden untersucht. Sowohl in der aktiven Phase als auch in der des Nachbergbaus kann es in den umliegenden Regionen zu Veränderungen der Kompaktheit der über den Abbauhorizonten gelegenen Gesteinsschichten, und somit zu Bodenbewegungen kommen. In extremen Fällen können sich durch die Zusammenhänge der geologischen und bergbaulichen Strukturen untereinander Ereignisse wie Tagesbrüche oder Vernässungsgebiete an der Landoberfläche abzeichnen. Bergbauunternehmen sind verpflichtet, Bergbauschäden zu überwachen und zu regulieren, sowohl während als auch nach Abschluss der Phase der Bergbauaktivitäten. Dazu ist es notwendig, genau zu ermitteln, ob die Gründe der Bodenbewegung, Überflutung bzw.Vernässung aus den Phasen des Bergbaus resultieren oder aber einen natürlichen Ursprung haben. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist das Lokalisieren solcher potentiell bergbaubedingter Vernässungs- bzw. Überflutungsgebiete durch die Anwendung eines zweistufigen Verfahrens, das maßgeblich modernste Fernerkundungsdaten und -verfahren nutzt. In der ersten Stufe erfolgt ein Screening multispektraler Fernerkundungsdaten mittlerer Auflösung, um oberflächliche Gewässerflächen zu finden. Danach werden mit Hilfe einer multitemporalen Analyse die Wasserflächen detektiert, die sich bezüglich ihrer oberflächlichen Ausdehnung betrachtet über den Beobachtungszeitraum verändert haben. In einem zweiten Schritt werden hochauflösende Hyperspektraldaten verwendet, um die Vegetation im Bereich der detektierten Gewässerflächen zu lokalisieren, deren Zustand durch die Vernässungsgebiete beeinflusst ist. Dies und die Parameter aus dem jeweiligen lokalen Bergbau dienen zur Verifizierung der detektierten Gebiete und zur Untersuchung, ob die Vernässungen bergbaubedingt seien können oder nicht. Der vorgeschlagene Workflow reduziert die Kosten eines Monitorings, da zuerst potentielle Überflutungsgebiete identifiziert werden, und nur diese in einem zweiten Schritt durch eine genauere Untersuchung mit hochauflösenden Daten hinsichtlich der Ursache verifiziert werden. Zudem kann die vorgestellte Methodik in ein Geoportal integriert werden und somit für ein breites Spektrum von Nutzern wie Behörden, Institutionen und Unternehmen, aber auch der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich gemacht werden. Trotzdem ist die Überwachung einiger Schritte im Workflow durch Spezialisten und die Expertise von Fachleuten aus dem Bergbau für das Ergebnis des Monitorings notwendig.

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Acknowledgements

This project is supported by funds from the EU and North Rhine-Westphalia. Additionally, we would like to thank Ruhrkohle Aktien Gesellschaft (RAG), RWE and the Regionalverband Ruhr (RVR) for providing images and information about the flooding process in the test site.

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Correspondence to Virginia E. García Millán.

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García Millán, V.E., Faude, U., Bicsan, A. et al. Monitoring Flooding Damages in Vegetation Caused by Mining Activities Using Optical Remote Sensing. PFG 86, 1–13 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41064-018-0042-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41064-018-0042-7

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