Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Experimental investigation of the behavior of collapsible soil stabilized with calcium carbide residue

  • Technical Paper
  • Published:
Innovative Infrastructure Solutions Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Collapsible soils are located in various parts of the world. These soils are characterized by their low values of dry unit weight and natural water content. Collapse and large induced settlements at the saturation state damage the structures built on them. Therefore, measuring the collapse potential of these soils is essential for safe engineering works. This study aims to investigate the collapse index and collapse potential of clayey soil stabilized with calcium carbide residue (CCR). For this purpose, seven different contents of CCR, five curing periods, three different water contents, and two relative compactions were used. The results of tests showed that the CCR contents, relative compaction, and water content during sample preparation were the most key factors in collapsibility measurements. It was observed that CCR contents greatly reduced collapse index and collapse potential of soil and changed the degree of collapse from moderately severe to slight and non-collapsible one. Furthermore, increasing the relative compaction reduces the pore space between the soil particles, leading the denser structure. The denser the soil, the lower the initial void ratios, hence, there is less collapse upon wetting. Finally, the stabilized samples prepared with 2% less than optimum water content have a higher degree of collapse than those with optimum water content and 2% more than optimum water content. The results of this study corroborate the effectiveness of CCR as a by-product material to improve collapsible soils.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

CCR:

Calcium carbide residue

CL:

Clay of low plasticity

CL-ML:

Silty clay

Ic :

Collapse potential

Ie :

Collapse index

MDUW:

Maximum dry unit weight

ML:

Silt

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

SP:

Poorly graded sand

ωopt :

Optimum water content

ωopt − 2 :

2% Less than the optimum water content

ωopt +2 :

2% More than the optimum water content

References

  1. Al-Rawas AA (2000) State-of-the-art-review of collapsible soils. Sultan Qaboos Univ J Sci 5:115–135

    Google Scholar 

  2. Sarsam S, Al Saidi A, Al Taie A (2016) Assessment of shear and compressibility properties of asphalt stabilized collapsible soil. Appl Res J 2:481–487

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Morsy O, Bassioni H, Tareq M (2017) Soil improvement techniques of collapsible soil. Int J Sci Eng Res 8(8):125–128

    Google Scholar 

  4. Hosseini A, Haeri SM, Mahvelati S, Fathi A (2019) Feasibility of using electrokinetics and nanomaterials to stabilize and improve collapsible soils. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 11(5):1055–1065

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Horpibulsuk S, Phetchuay C, Chinkulkijniwat A (2012) Soil stabilization by calcium carbide residue and fly ash. J Mater Civ Eng 24(2):184–193

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Horpibulsuk S, Phetchuay C, Chinkulkijniwat A, Cholaphatsorn A (2013) Strength development in silty clay stabilized with calcium carbide residue and fly ash. Soils Found 53(4):477–486

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Zimbardo M, Ercoli L, Mistretta MC, Scaffaro R, Megna B (2020) Collapsible intact soil stabilisation using non-aqueous polymeric vehicle. Eng Geol 264:105334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Prusinski JR, Bhattacharja S (1999) Effectiveness of Portland cement and lime in stabilizing clay soils. Transp Res Rec 1652(1):215–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Keramatikerman M, Chegenizadeh A, Nikraz H (2016) Effect of GGBFS and lime binders on the engineering properties of clay. Appl Clay Sci 132:722–730

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Miller GA, Azad S (2000) Influence of soil type on stabilization with cement kiln dust. Constr Build Mater 14(2):89–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Basha EA, Hashim R, Mahmud HB, Muntohar AS (2005) Stabilization of residual soil with rice husk ash and cement. Constr Build Mater 19(6):448–453

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Kalkan E (2011) Impact of wetting–drying cycles on swelling behavior of clayey soils modified by silica fume. Appl Clay Sci 52(4):345–352

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kampala A, Horpibulsuk S (2013) Engineering properties of silty clay stabilized with calcium carbide residue. J Mater Civ Eng 25(5):632–644

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Vichan S, Rachan R, Horpibulsuk S (2013) Strength and microstructure development in Bangkok clay stabilized with calcium carbide residue and biomass ash. Sci Asia 39(2):186–193

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Noolu V, Mudavath H, Pillai RJ, Yantrapalli SK (2019) Permanent deformation behaviour of black cotton soil treated with calcium carbide residue. Constr Build Mater 223:441–449

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Latifi N, Vahedifard F, Ghazanfari E, Rashid ASA (2018) Sustainable usage of calcium carbide residue for stabilization of clays. J Mater Civ Eng 30(6):04018099

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Li Y, Li J, Cui J, Shan Y, Niu Y (2021) Experimental study on calcium carbide residue as a combined activator for coal gangue geopolymer and feasibility for soil stabilization. Constr Build Mater 312:125465

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. AlShaba AA, Abdelaziz TM, Ragheb AM (2018) Treatment of collapsible soils by mixing with iron powder. Alex Eng J 57(4):3737–3745

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Ayeldeen M, Azzam W, Arab MG (2022) The use of fiber to improve the characteristics of collapsible soil stabilized with cement. Geotech Geol Eng 40(4):1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Ogila WAM, Eldamarawy ME (2022) Use of cement kiln dust for improving the geotechnical properties of collapsible soils. Indian Geotech J 52(1):1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Shah MM, Shahzad HM, Khalid U, Farooq K, Ur Rehman Z (2023) Experimental study on sustainable utilization of ckd for improvement of collapsible soil. Arab J Sci Eng 48(4):5667–5682

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Cardoso R, Vieira J, Borges I (2023) On the use of biocementation to treat collapsible soils. Eng Geol 313:106971

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Ayeldeen M, Negm A, El-Sawwaf M, Kitazume M (2017) Enhancing mechanical behaviors of collapsible soil using two biopolymers. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 9(2):329–339

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Haeri SM, Valishzadeh A (2021) Evaluation of using different nanomaterials to stabilize the collapsible loessial soil. Int J Civ Eng 19:583–594

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Tabarsa A, Latifi N, Meehan CL, Manahiloh KN (2018) Laboratory investigation and field evaluation of loess improvement using nanoclay—a sustainable material for construction. Constr Build Mater 158:454–463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Noorzad R, Pakniat H (2016) Investigating the effect of sample disturbance, compaction and stabilization on the collapse index of soils. Environ Earth Sci 75:1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. ASTM D5333 (2012) Standard test method for measurement of collapse potential of soils. West Conshohocken, PA, United States

  28. Horpibulsuk S, Rachan R, Chinkulkijniwat A, Raksachon Y, Suddeepong A (2010) Analysis of strength development in cement-stabilized silty clay from microstructural considerations. Constr Build Mater 24(10):2011–2021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Jha AK, Sivapullaiah PV (2015) Susceptibility of strength development by lime in gypsiferous soil—amicro mechanistic study. Appl Clay Sci 115:39–50

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Latifi N, Meehan CL, Abd Majid MZ, Horpibulsuk S (2016) Strengthening montmorillonitic and kaolinitic clays using a calcium-based non-traditional additive: a micro-level study. Appl Clay Sci 132:182–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Yoobanpot N, Jamsawang P, Horpibulsuk S (2017) Strength behavior and microstructural characteristics of soft clay stabilized with cement kiln dust and fly ash residue. Appl Clay Sci 141:146–156

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Shirvani RA, Noorzad R (2019) Effectiveness of sludge ash of wood and paper mill as non-traditional additive for clayey soil treatment. J Mater Civ Eng 31(10):04019230

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Barden L, McGown A, Collins K (1973) The collapse mechanism in partly saturated soil. Eng Geol 7(1):49–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Basma AA, Tuncer ER (1992) Evaluation and control of collapsible soils. J Geotech Eng 118(10):1491–1504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Abdulrasool AS, Al-Wakel SFA (2021) Effects of polyurethane foam on the behavior of collapsible soils. Geotech Res 8:108–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the funding support of Babol Noshirvani University of Technology through Grant program No. BNUT/370723/402.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, P.O. Box 484, Babol, 4714871167, Iran

    Omid Hosseini, Reza Noorzad & Reza Alijani Shirvani

Authors
  1. Omid Hosseini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Reza Noorzad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Reza Alijani Shirvani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Reza Noorzad.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Ethical approval

The authors confirm they comply with all ethical standards in preparing this manuscript.

Informed consent

All participants provided informed consent prior to their participation.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hosseini, O., Noorzad, R. & Alijani Shirvani, R. Experimental investigation of the behavior of collapsible soil stabilized with calcium carbide residue. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 9, 201 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-024-01507-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-024-01507-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation