Abstract
Piled rafts are increasingly being used to support different heavy infrastructure facilities. The total resistance of piled raft is cumulative of shallow component, i.e., raft and deep component, i.e., pile accounting for different interactions among component elements. The paper discusses the mechanism of load transfer in unpiled raft, pile groups, and piled raft foundation systems. Large variability in stiffness and geometry and different interactions among piled raft components, i.e., pile, raft, and soil, establish it as a unique and complex foundation system. A large number of methods have been developed idealizing different in situ conditions to estimate the settlement and load sharing of the piled raft foundation system. This paper presents a detailed review of different available methods to estimate settlement and load sharing of piled raft systems. Different simplified methods, computer programs, approximate numerical methods and analytical approaches are useful to evaluate approximate settlement and load sharing of piled raft systems for the initial design stage; however, a rigorous three-dimensional finite element analyses approach capable of capturing complex soil–pile–raft interaction considering more number of governing parameters is useful for the final design of the piled raft foundation. Favorable conditions, the mechanism of the piled raft, and factors affecting piled raft performance are discussed here. Details of different settlement and load sharing estimation methods are presented here. Different micro-details, i.e., observed settlement, load sharing ratio, and pile and raft details of successful published cases of piled raft foundation worldwide, are also listed here. Design recommendations are made based on the available information, and different aspects of piled raft foundation that need further attention are also highlighted. The paper is useful to practicing geotechnical engineers and researchers working in the area of piled raft foundations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cooke RW (1986) Piled raft foundations on stiff clays—a contribution to design philosophy. Géotechnique 36:169–203. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1986.36.2.169
Conte G, Mandolini A, Randolph M (2003) Centrifuge modelling to investigate the performance of piled rafts. In: Van Impe WF (ed) 4th International Geotechnical Seminar on Bored and Auger Piles, Ghent, pp 359–366.
Bajad SP, Sahu RB (2008) An experimental study on the behaviour of vertically loaded piled raft on soft clay. In: 12th International Conference of International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG). Goa, India, pp 84–91
Comodromos EM, Papadopoulou MC, Rentzeperis IK (2009) Pile foundation analysis and design using experimental data and 3-D numerical analysis. Comput Geotech 36:819–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2009.01.011
Hoang L, Matsumoto T (2020) Long-term behavior of piled raft foundation models supported by jacked-in piles on saturated clay. Soil Found 60:198–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2020.02.005
El Sawwaf M, Shahien M, Nasr A, Magdy A (2022) The applicability and load-sharing behavior of piled rafts in soft clay: experimental study. Innov Infrastruct Solut 7:362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-022-00959-w
Lee S-H, Chung C-K (2005) An experimental study of the interaction of vertically loaded pile groups in sand. Can Geotech J 42:1485–1493. https://doi.org/10.1139/t05-068
El-Sawwaf M (2010) Experimental study of eccentrically loaded raft with connected and unconnected short piles. J Geotech Geoenv Eng 136(10):1394–1402. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000341
Long P (2010) Piled raft - a cost-effective foundation method for high-rises. Geotech Eng J SEAGS AGSSEA 41(3):1–12
El-Garhy B, Galil AA, Youssef A-F, Raia MA (2013) Behavior of raft on settlement reducing piles: experimental model study. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 5:389–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2013.07.005
Elwakil AZ, Azzam WR (2016) Experimental and numerical study of piled raft system. Alex Eng J 55:547–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2015.10.001
Hussien MN, Ramadan EH, Hussein MH et al (2017) Load sharing ratio of pile-raft system in loose sand: an experimental investigation. Int J Geotech Eng 11:524–529. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2016.1236224
Malviya DK, Samanta M (2022) Evaluation of nonlinear load sharing ratio of pile and raft in piled raft foundation in cohesionless soil. In: Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference 2022, Kochi, India (TH-03-028)
Sawada K, Takemura J, Izawa J, Seki S (2010) Mechanical behavior of piled raft foundation in sand subjected to static horizontal load. In: Physical modelling in geotechnics, two volume set. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Malviya DK, Samanta M (2023) Settlement and load sharing response of piled raft foundation in cohesionless soil. In: 12th Annual Conference on Deep Foundation Technologies for Infrastructure Development in India, DFI-India 2023, Vadodara, India
Lee IK (1993) Analysis and performance of raft and raft-pile systems. In: 3rd International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, pp 1331–1345
Cao XD, Wong IH, Chang M-F (2004) Behavior of model rafts resting on pile-reinforced sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 130:129–138. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:2(129)
Ghiasi V, Moradi M (2018) Assessment the effect of pile intervals on settlement and bending moment raft analysis of piled raft foundations. Geomech Eng 16:187–194. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.16.2.187
Mansour M, Akl A (2013) A study of the piled raft foundation behaviour. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbruecken
Horikoshi K, Matsumoto T, Hashizume Y et al (2003) Performance of piled raft foundations subjected to static horizontal loads. Int J Phys Model Geotech 3:37–50. https://doi.org/10.1680/ijpmg.2003.030204
Fioravante V, Giretti D, Jamiolkowski M (2012) Physical modeling of raft on settlement reducing piles. Res Pract Geotech Eng. https://doi.org/10.1061/40962(325)2
Fioravante V, Giretti D (2010) Contact versus noncontact piled raft foundations. Can Geotech J 47:1271–1287. https://doi.org/10.1139/T10-021
Sawada K, Takemura J (2014) Centrifuge model tests on piled raft foundation in sand subjected to lateral and moment loads. Soils Found 54:126–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2014.02.005
Ng CWW, Shakeel M, Wei J, Lin S (2021) Performance of existing piled raft and pile group due to adjacent multipropped excavation: 3D centrifuge and numerical modeling. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 147:04021012. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002501
Horikoshi K, Matsumoto T, Watanabe T, Fukuyama H (2002) Performance of piled raft foundations subjected to seismic loads. Foundation design codes and soil investigation in view of international harmonization and performance based design. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Poulos HG (1991) Analysis of piled strip foundations. Int Conf Comput Methods Adv Geomech 7:183–191
Mandolini A, Viggiani C (1997) Settlement of piled foundations. Géotechnique 47:791–816. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1997.47.4.791
Kitiyodom P, Matsumoto T (2003) A simplified analysis method for piled raft foundations in non-homogeneous soils. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 27:85–109. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.264
Kaltakci V (2009) Practical methods for the analysis of piled raft foundations: Computer-aided analysis, design charts, simplified methods. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing GmbH KG, Saarbruecken
Chang D, Matsumoto T, Choudhury D (2017) Design and analysis of piled raft foundations. Tamkang University Press, New Taipei City
Poulos HG, Davis EH (1980) Pile foundation analysis and design. Wiley, New York
Burland J (1995) Piles as settlement reducers. Keynote Address. In: 18th Italian Congress on Soil Mechanics, Pavia, Italy
Dung NT, Chung SG, Kim SR (2010) Settlement of piled foundations using equivalent raft approach. Proc Inst Civ Eng Geotech Eng 163:65–81. https://doi.org/10.1680/geng.2010.163.2.65
Randolph MF (1994) Design methods for pile group and piles rafts. In: 13th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, pp 61–82
Hongladaromp T, Chen NJ, Lee SL (1973) Load distribution in rectangular footings on piles. Geotech Eng 4(2):77–90
Clancy P, Randolph MF (1993) An approximate analysis procedure for piled raft foundations. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 17:849–869. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610171203
Butterfield R, Banerjee PK (1971) The elastic analysis of compressible piles and pile groups. Géotechnique 21:43–60. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1971.21.1.43
Yamashita K, Tomono M, Kakurai M (1987) A method for estimating immediate settlement of piles and pile groups. Soils Found 27:61–76. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.27.61
Kuwabara F (1989) An elastic analysis for piled raft foundations in a homogeneous soil. Soils Found 29:82–92. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.29.82
Mendonça AV, de Paiva JB (2000) A boundary element method for the static analysis of raft foundations on piles. Eng Anal Bound Elem 24:237–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-7997(00)00002-3
Basile F (2015) Non-linear analysis of vertically loaded piled rafts. Comput Geotech 63:73–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2014.08.011
Hooper J (1973) Observations on the behaviour of a pile-raft foundation on london clay. Proc Inst Civ Eng 55:855–877. https://doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1973.4144
Desai CS (1974) Numerical design-analysis for piles in sands. J Geotech Eng Div 100:613–635. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0000056
Hain SJ, Lee IK (1978) The analysis of flexible raft-pile systems. Géotechnique 28:65–83. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1978.28.1.65
Franke E, Lutz B, El-Mossallamy Y (1994) Measurements and numerical modelling of high rise building foundations on Frankfurt clay. Vertical and Horizontal Deformations of Foundations and Embankments, 1325–1336.
Gu L, Ye G, Bao X, Zhang F (2016) Mechanical behaviour of piled-raft foundations subjected to high-speed train loading. Soils Found 56:1035–1054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2016.11.008
Kitiyodom P, Matsumoto T (2002) A simplified analysis method for piled raft and pile group foundations with batter piles. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 26:1349–1369. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.248
Bhaduri A, Choudhury D (2021) Steady-state response of flexible combined pile-raft foundation under dynamic loading. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 145:106664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2021.106664
Leung YF, Klar A, Soga K (2010) Theoretical study on pile length optimization of pile groups and piled rafts. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 136:319–330. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000206
Luo R, Yang M, Li W (2018) Normalized settlement of piled raft in homogeneous clay. Comput Geotech 103:165–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.07.023
Chow YK (1987) Three-dimensional analysis of pile groups. J Geotech Eng 113:637–651. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1987)113:6(637)
Ta LD, Small JC (1997) An approximation for analysis of raft and piled raft foundations. Comput Geotech 20:105–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-352X(96)00012-2
Jeong S, Cho J (2014) Proposed nonlinear 3-D analytical method for piled raft foundations. Comput Geotech 59:112–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2014.02.009
Small J, Poulos H (2007) A method of analysis of piled rafts. Common Ground–07. In: 10th Australia New Zealand Conference on Geomechanis, Brisbane, pp 550–555
Nguyen DDC, Jo S-B, Kim D-S (2013) Design method of piled-raft foundations under vertical load considering interaction effects. Comput Geotech 47:16–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2012.06.007
Abdel-Fattah TT, Hemada AA (2016) Evaluation of the existing piled foundation based on piled–raft design philosophy. Innov Infrastruct Solut 1:16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-016-0018-7
Samanta M, Bhowmik R (2019) 3D numerical analysis of piled raft foundation in stone column improved soft soil. Int J Geotech Eng 13:474–483. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2017.1368139
Abdel-Azim OA, Abdel-Rahman K, El-Mossallamy YM (2020) Numerical investigation of optimized piled raft foundation for high-rise building in Germany. Innov Infrastruct Solut 5:11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-019-0258-4
Potts DM, Zdravkovic L (2001) Finite element analysis in geotechnical engineering: application. Thomas Telford, London
Kakurai FN: KM Yamashita K, Tomono M, et al (1987) Settlement behaviour of piled raft foundation on soft ground. In: 8th Asian Regional Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, vol 1., Kyoto, Japan, pp 373–376
Yamashita K, Kakurai M, Yamada T (1991) Settlement behavior of the raft foundation with friction piles. In: 4th International DFI Conference, pp 461–466
Yamashita K, Yamada T, Hamada J (2011) Investigation of settlement and load sharing on piled rafts by monitoring full-scale structures. Soils Found 51:513–532. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.51.513
Hamada J, Yamashita K, Nakane K (2020) Settlement behavior of piled raft foundation supporting residential building adjacent to tall pile foundation building. Geotech Sust Infr Dev 62:27–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2184-3_2
Moyes P, Poulos HG, Small JC, Badelow F (2005) Piled raft design process for a high-rise building on the gold coast, Australia. In: Tall buildings-from engineering to sustainability, pp 241–249. ISBN: 978-981-256-620-1
Russo G, Abagnara V, Poulos HG, Small JC (2013) Re-assessment of foundation settlements for the Burj Khalifa, Dubai. Acta Geotech 8:3–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-012-0193-4
Balakumar B, Illamparuthi K (2003) Field study of piled raft foundation of twelve storeyed buiding in Chennai. Field measurements in geomechanics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 17–22
Tang Y, Zhao X (2014) 121-story Shanghai Center Tower foundation re-analysis using a compensated pile foundation theory. Struct Des Tall Spec Build 23:854–879. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1087
Katzenbach R, Arslan U, Moormann C (2000) Piled raft foundation projects in Germany. Design applications of raft foundations. Thomas Telford, London, pp 323–391. https://doi.org/10.1680/daorf.27657.0013
Poulos HG (2016) Tall building foundations: design methods and applications. Innov Infrastruct Solut 1:10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-016-0010-2
Roh Y, Kim G, Kim I et al (2019) Lessons learned from field monitoring of instrumented piled-raft bearing in rock layer. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 145:05019005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002078
Poulos HG, Davis EH (1973) Elastic solutions for soil and rock mechanics. Wiley, Berlin
Bowles JE (1997) Foundation analysis and design. McGraw-Hill, New York
Fleming K, Weltman A, Randolph M, Elson K (2008) Piling engineering, 3rd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Tomlinson MJ, Boorman R (2001) Foundation design and construction, 6th edn. Pearson/Prentice Hall, New York
Tomlinson M, Woodward J (2007) Pile design and construction practice. Fifth edition, Taylor & Francis. ISBN: 978–0–415–38582–4
Sinha J, Poulos H (1999) Piled raft systems and free standing pile groups in expansive soils. In: 8th Australia-New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics, Hobart
Garcia JR, de Albuquerque PJR (2019) Analysis of the contribution of the block-soil contact in piled foundations. Lat Am J Solids Struct 16:e211. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-78255565
Katzenbach R, Turek J (2003) Interaction between structural and geotechnical engineers. Thomas Telford, London
Horikoshi K, Randolph MF (1998) A contribution to optimum design of piled rafts. Géotechnique 48:301–317. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1998.48.3.301
Yang J, Yang M, Chen H (2019) Influence of pile spacing on seismic response of piled raft in soft clay: centrifuge modeling. Earthq Eng Eng Vib 18:719–733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-019-0532-7
Chow YK, Yong KY, Shen WY (2001) Analysis of piled raft foundations using a variational approach. Int J Geomech 1:129–147. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2001)1:2(129)
Sinha A, Hanna AM (2017) 3D numerical model for piled raft foundation. Int J Geomech 17:04016055. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000674
Horikoshi K, Randolph MF (1996) Centrifuge modelling of piled raft foundations on clay. Géotechnique 46:741–752. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1996.46.4.741
Chung Nguyen DD, Kim D-S, Jo S-B (2013) Settlement of piled rafts with different pile arrangement schemes via centrifuge tests. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 139:1690–1698. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000908
Kim KN, Lee S-H, Kim K-S et al (2001) Optimal pile arrangement for minimizing differential settlements in piled raft foundations. Comput Geotech 28:235–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-352X(01)00002-7
Ghalesari AT, Barari A, Amini PF, Ibsen LB (2013) The settlement behavior of piled raft interaction in undrained soil, pp 605–612. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784413128.071
Patil JD, Vasanvala SA, Solanki CH (2016) An experimental study on behaviour of piled raft foundation. Indian Geotech J 46:16–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-015-0145-7
Poulos HG (1993) Settlement prediction for bored pile groups. In: 2nd International Geotechnical Seminar on Deep Foundations on Bored and Auger Piles, Ghent, pp 103–117
Horikoshi K, Randolph MF (1999) Estimation of overall settlement of piled rafts. Soils Found 39:59–68. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.39.2_59
Rotta Loria AF, Laloui L (2017) The equivalent pier method for energy pile groups. Géotechnique 67:691–702. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.16.P.139
Randolph MF, Wroth CP (1978) Analysis of deformation of vertically loaded piles. J Geotech Eng Div 104:1465–1488. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0000729
Clancy P, Randolph MF (1996) Simple design tools for piled raft foundations. Géotechnique 46:313–328. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1996.46.2.313
Randolph M, Clancy P (1994) Design and performance of a piled raft foundation. Settl 94(1):314–324
Vesic A (1963) Beams on elastic subgrade and winkler’s hypothesis. In: 5th International conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Paris, pp 845–850
Randolph MF, Wroth CP (1979) An analysis of the vertical deformation of pile groups. Géotechnique 29:423–439. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1979.29.4.423
Norris F (1992) Overview of evaluation of pile foundation stiffnesses for seismic analysis of highway bridges. Transp Res Rec 1336:31–42
D’Appolonia E, Romualdi JP (1963) Load transfer in end-bearing steel H-piles. J Soil Mech Found Div 89:1–25. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0000496
Coyle HM, Reese LC (1966) Load transfer for axially loaded piles in clay. J Soil Mech Found Div 92:1–26. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0000850
Zhang Q, Zhang Z (2012) Simplified calculation approach for settlement of single pile and pile groups. J Comput Civ Eng 26:750–758. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000167
Mindlin RD (2004) Force at a point in the interior of a semi-infinite solid. Physics 7:195–202. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1745385
Huang M, Liang F, Jiang J (2011) A simplified nonlinear analysis method for piled raft foundation in layered soils under vertical loading. Comput Geotech 38:875–882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2011.06.002
McCabe BA, Sheil BB (2015) Pile group settlement estimation: Suitability of nonlinear interaction factors. Int J Geomech 15:04014056. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000395
Liang F, Chen L, Han J (2009) Integral equation method for analysis of piled rafts with dissimilar piles under vertical loading. Comput Geotech 36:419–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2008.08.007
Chen SL, Song CY, Chen LZ (2011) Two-pile interaction factor revisited. Can Geotech J 48:754–766. https://doi.org/10.1139/t10-095
Mu L, Huang M, Lian K (2014) Analysis of pile-raft foundations under complex loads in layered soils. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 38:256–280. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.2205
Mylonakis G, Gazetas G (1998) Settlement and additional internal forces of grouped piles in layered soil. Géotechnique 48:55–72. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1998.48.1.55
Wang AD, Wang WD, Huang MS, Wu JB (2016) Interaction factor for large pile groups. Géotechnique Lett 6:58–65. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgele.15.00139
Bhartiya P, Chakraborty T, Basu D (2020) Settlement estimation of piled rafts for initial design. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 146:04019127. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002195
Randolph MF (1983) Design of piled raft foundations. In: International symposium on recent developments in laboratory and field tests and analysis of geotechnical problems, Bangkok, pp 525–537
Fraser RA, Wardle LJ (1976) Numerical analysis of rectangular rafts on layered foundations. Géotechnique 26:613–630. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1976.26.4.613
Mayne PW, Poulos HG (1999) Approximate displacement influence factors for elastic shallow foundations. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 125:453–460. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:6(453)
Fleming WGK (1992) A new method for signle pile settlement prediction and analysis. Géotechnique 42:411–425. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1992.42.3.411
Poulos HG (1989) Pile behaviour—theory and application. Géotechnique 39:365–415. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1989.39.3.365
Zhuang G, Lee IK, Zhao X (1991) Interactive analysis of behaviour of raft–pile foundation. Geotech Eng Coast Dev Theory Pract Soft Ground GEO-COAST Jpn 2:759–764
Butterfield R, Douglas RA (1981) Flexibility coefficients for the design of piles and pile groups. In: Construction Industry Research and Information Association, CIRIA Technical Note, London
de Sanctis L, Mandolini A (2006) Bearing capacity of piled rafts on soft clay soils. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 132:1600–1610. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:12(1600)
Lee J, Park D, Choi K (2014) Analysis of load sharing behavior for piled rafts using normalized load response model. Comput Geotech 57:65–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2014.01.003
Akbas SO, Kulhawy FH (2009) Axial compression of footings in cohesionless soils: Load-settlement behavior. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 135:1562–1574. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000135
Dithinde M, Phoon KK, De Wet M, Retief JV (2011) Characterization of model uncertainty in the static pile design formula. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 137:70–85. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000401
Kumar A, Choudhury D (2018) Development of new prediction model for capacity of combined pile-raft foundations. Comput Geotech 97:62–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.12.008
Cho J, Lee J-H, Jeong S, Lee J (2012) The settlement behavior of piled raft in clay soils. Ocean Eng 53:153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2012.06.003
Poulos HG (2001) Piled raft foundations: design and applications. Géotechnique 51:95–113. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2001.51.2.95
Kwon O, Lee S, Oh S, Choi Y (2006) Load sharing ratio of raft in piled footing on granular soil by model test. In: 16th International Conference on Soil Mechannics and Geotechnical Engineering, pp 2013–2016.
Poulos HG (1994) An approximate numerical analysis of pile–raft interaction. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 18:73–92. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610180202
Russo G (1998) Numerical analysis of piled rafts. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 22:477–493. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9853(199806)22:6%3c477::AID-NAG931%3e3.0.CO;2-H
Clancy P (1993) Numerical analysis of piled raft foundations. University of Western Australia, Ph.D. thesis
Reul O, Randolph MF (2004) Design strategies for piled rafts subjected to nonuniform vertical loading. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 130:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:1(1)
Rabiei M, Choobbasti AJ (2016) Piled raft design strategies for high rise buildings. Geotech Geol Eng 34:75–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-015-9929-x
Huang M, Jiu Y, Jiang J, Li B (2017) Nonlinear analysis of flexible piled raft foundations subjected to vertical loads in layered soils. Soils Found 57:632–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2017.04.004
Baker C, Joseph L, Drumright E, Azam I (1998) Foundation design and performance of the world’s tallest building Patronas tower. In: 4th International conference on case histories in geotechnical engineering, Missouri, pp 175–187
Poulos HG, Davids AJ (2005) Foundation design for the Emirates Twin Towers, Dubai. Can Geotech J 42:716–730. https://doi.org/10.1139/t05-004
Sales MM, Small JC, Poulos HG (2010) Compensated piled rafts in clayey soils: behaviour, measurements, and predictions. Can Geotech J 47:327–345. https://doi.org/10.1139/T09-106
Russo G, Viggiani C (1998) Factors controlling soil-structure interaction for piled rafts. Int Conf Soil Struct Interact Urban Civ Eng 4(2):297–321
Horikoshi K, Randolph MF (1997) On the definition of raft—soil stiffness ratio for rectangular rafts. Géotechnique 47:1055–1061. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1997.47.5.1055
Sommer H, tamaro G, Debenedittis C (1991) Messe Turm, foundations for the tallest building in Europe. In: 4th International conference on piling and deep foundations, Stresa, Italy, pp 139–146
Katzenbach R, Leppla S, Choudhury D (2016) Combined pile-raft foundation. Foundation systems for high-rise structures. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Sharafkhah M, Shooshpasha I (2018) Physical modeling of behaviors of cast-in-place concrete piled raft compared to free-standing pile group in sand. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 10:703–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.12.007
Poulos HG (2000) Practical design procedures for piled raft foundations. Design applications of raft foundations. Thomas Telford Publishing, London, pp 425–467
Fox E (1948) The mean elastic settlement of a uniformly loaded area at a depth below the ground surface. In: 2nd International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, vol 1, Rotterdam, pp 129–132
Meyerhof GG (1976) Bearing capacity and settlement of pile foundations. J Geotech Eng Div 102:197–228. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0000243
Schmertmann JH, Hartman JP, Brown PR (1978) Improved strain influence factor diagrams. J Geotech Eng Div 104:1131–1135. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0000683
Fellenius B (2013) Pile foundation. Foundation engineering handbook. Springer, Berlin
Sommer H, Wittmann P, Ripper P (1985) Piled raft foundation of a tall building in Frankfurt clay. In: 11th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, San Francisco
Jendeby L (1986) Friction piled foundations in soft clay—a study of load transfer and settlements. Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden, Vasastadens Bokbinderi AB, Gothenburg, Sweden, pp 6.1–6.20
Hansbo S (1993) Interaction problems related to the installation of pile groups. Seminar on deep foundations on bored and Auger Piles, Ghent, pp 59–66
Yamashita K, Kakurai M, Yamada T (1994) Investigation of a piled raft foundation on stiff clay. In: 13th International conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, New Delhi
Mashima M, Enami A, Nagao T, Wakamei Y (1995) Subsidence behavior of high-rise buildings supported by friction pile : 1st Report observation results and discussion. J Struct Eng Archit Inst Jpn 60:83–92. https://doi.org/10.3130/aijs.60.83_1
Katzenbach R, Arslan U, Gutwald J, Holzhauser J (1997) Soil-structure-interaction of the 300 m high Commerzbank tower in Frankfurt am main-measurements and numerical studies. In: 14th International conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Hamburg, pp 1081–1084
Zhao X (1998) Theory of design of piled raft & piled box foundations for tall buildings in Shanghai. Tongji University Press, Shanghai
Katzenbach R, Reul O (1999) Theme lecture: design and performance of piled rafts. In: 14th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Hamburg, pp 2253–2256
Katzenbach R, Schmitt A (2004) High rise buildings in Germany soil-structure interaction of seep foundations. In: 5th international conference on case histories in geotechnical engineering, pp 1–8
Yamashita K (2012) Field measurements of piled raft foundations in Japan. In: 9th international conference on testing and design methods for deep foundations, pp 79–94
Yamashita K, Hamada J, Yamada T (2011) Field measurement on piled rafts with grid form deep mixing walls on soft ground. Geotech Eng J SEAGS AGSSEA 42:1–10
Yamashita K, Hashiba T, Ito H, Tanikawa T (2014) Performance of piled raft foundation subjected to strong seismic motion. Geotech Eng J SEAGS AGSSEA 45:1–7
Wang WD, Wu JB, Li Q (2016) Design and performance of the piled raft foundation for Shanghai World Financial Center. Jpn Geotech Soc Spec Publ 2:162–165. https://doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.CHN-44
Yamashita K, Hamada J, Soga Y (2012) Settlement and load sharing of piled raft of a 162 m high residential tower, pp 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1061/41106(379)2
Khoury M, Alzamora A, Ciancia A (2011) A piled raft foundation for the tallest building in Brooklyn. Geo-frontiers congress, pp 3818–3827. https://doi.org/10.1061/41165(397)390
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Director of CSIR–Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee, for providing the environment, encouragement, support, and facilities for the completion of this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Informed consent
For this type of study, consent is not required.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Malviya, D.K., Ansari, A. & Samanta, M. Settlement and load sharing behavior of piled raft foundation: a review. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 8, 305 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-023-01272-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-023-01272-w