Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Application of lime-rice husk ash mixture (LRHA) for the stabilization of fine-grained soil: a state-of-the-art review

  • State-of-the-Art Paper
  • Published:
Innovative Infrastructure Solutions Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The rapid growth of population and urbanization has created an immense demand for infrastructural development, urging researchers to seek solutions for utilizing problematic lands in construction projects. Traditional soil stabilizers like lime and cement raise environmental concerns due to significant greenhouse gas emissions during their production. RHA (rice husk ash) is an agricultural by-product that is generally dumped as waste material. However, many studies have established RHA as an excellent silica source and explored its potential as a soil stabilizer. The incorporation of RHA along with lime or cement can reduce the amount of these conventional stabilizers required for the treatment of soil. This scientific review paper offers a comprehensive overview of previous studies by various researchers, highlighting the use of LRHA (lime-RHA mixture) in the modification of fine-grained soil, its effectiveness in enhancing soil performance, and its potential for sustainable infrastructure development. LRHA treatment reduces the specific gravity, maximum dry density, plasticity index, swell potential, and ductility of soil, with a considerable increase in strength (shear, compressive, tensile, and bearing) of the soil. LRHA treatment also improves the durability of soil when subjected to adverse climatic. Furthermore, the study suggests that the brittleness imparted to the soil due to LRHA treatment can be reduced with the inclusion of fiber reinforcement. India is experiencing significant infrastructure development initiatives as a developing nation. Moreover, India is a major producer of lime and paddy which can be utilized in employing LRHA in the stabilization of the problematic soil. The cheap availability of LRHA can help in making the construction work economical and sustainable.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Karatai TR, Kaluli JW, Kabubo C, Thiong’o G (2017) Soil stabilization using rice husk ash and natural lime as an alternative to cutting and filling in road construction. J Constr Eng Manag 143:4–8. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Nelson J, Miller DJ (1997) Expansive soils: problems and practice in foundation and pavement engineering. John Wiley & Sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  3. Gautam, Gupta KK, Bhowmik D, Dey S (2023) Probing the stochastic unconfined compressive strength of lime–RHA mix treated clayey soil. J Mater Civ Eng 35:4022469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Punthutaecha K, Puppala AJ, Vanapalli SK, Inyang H (2006) Volume change behaviors of expansive soils stabilized with recycled ashes and fibers. C:295–306. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2006)18

  5. Chen Q, Indraratna B, Carter J, Rujikiatkamjorn C (2014) A theoretical and experimental study on the behaviour of lignosulfonate-treated sandy silt. Comput Geotech 61:316–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2014.06.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Biswas S, Hussain M, Bhowmik D (2022) Performance analysis of different geosynthetic reinforcements in unpaved roads of soft subgrade. In: Recent trends in cieil Engineering: select proceedings of ICRACE 2021. Springer, Berlin, pp 493–505

  7. Gautam, Hussain M, Bhowmik D (2022) Effect of geosynthetic reinforcement on CBR strength of soft soil-aggregate system. In: Ground improvement and reinforced soil structures: proceedings of Indian geotechnical Cconference 2020 volume 2. Springer, pp 685–696

  8. Basha EA, Hashim R, Mahmud HB, Muntohar AS (2005) Stabilization of residual soil with rice husk ash and cement. Constr Build Mater 19:448–453

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Akbulut S, Arasan S, Kalkan E (2007) Modification of clayey soils using scrap tire rubber and synthetic fibers. Appl Clay Sci 38:23–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2007.02.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Baghdadi ZA, Rahman MA (1990) The potential of cement kiln dust for the stabilization of dune sand in highway construction. Build Environ 25:285–289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Silitonga E, Levacher D, Mezazigh S, Darve F (2010) Utilization of fly ash for stabilization of marine dredged sediments. Eur J Environ Civ Eng 14:253–265. https://doi.org/10.3166/ejece.14.253-265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Zhang T, Cai G, Liu S, Puppala AJ (2016) Engineering properties and microstructural characteristics of foundation silt stabilized by lignin-based industrial by-product. KSCE J Civ Eng 20:2725–2736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-016-1325-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Rabbani P, Daghigh Y, Reza Atrechian M et al (2012) The potential of lime and grand granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) mixture for stabilisation of desert silty sands. J Civ Eng Res 2:108–119. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.jce.20120206.07

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Andavan S, Pagadala VK (2020) A study on soil stabilization by addition of fly ash and lime. Mater Today Proc 22:1125–1129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Eades JL, Grim RE (1960) Reaction of hydrated lime with pure clay minerals in soil stabilization. Highw Res Board Bull

  16. Lees G, Abdelkater MO, Hamdani SK (1982) Effect of the clay fraction on some mechanical properties of lime-soil mixtures. Highw Eng 29

  17. Kassim KA, Hamir R, Kok KC (2005) Modification and stabilization of Malaysian cohesive soils with lime. Geotech Eng 36

  18. Phanikumar BR, Singla R (2016) Swell-consolidation characteristics of fibre-reinforced expansive soils. Soils Found 56:138–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2016.01.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Bell F (1993) Engineering treatment of soils. CRC Press

    Book  Google Scholar 

  20. Barwar A, Chandrappa AK, Sahoo UC (2022) Laboratory investigations on stabilization of weak clay soil using rice husk ash and cement. Innov Infrastruct Solut 7:327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Paul A, Hussain M (2020) Sustainable use of GGBS and RHA as a partial replacement of cement in the stabilization of Indian peat. Int J Geosynth Gr Eng 6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-020-0185-7

  22. Boden TA, Marland G, Andres RJ (2009) Global, regional, and national fossil-fuel CO2 emissions. Carbon dioxide Inf Anal center, Oak ridge Natl Lab US Dep energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn, USA doi 10

  23. Simoni M, Wilkes MD, Brown S et al (2022) Decarbonising the lime industry: State-of-the-art. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 168:112765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112765

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Laveglia A, Sambataro L, Ukrainczyk N et al (2022) Hydrated lime life-cycle assessment: current and future scenarios in four EU countries BE IR. J Clean Prod 369:133224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Zada U, Jamal A, Iqbal M, et al (2023) Case studies in construction materials recent advances in expansive soil stabilization using admixtures: current challenges and opportunities. 18

  26. Araújo MT De, Ferrazzo T, Jordi G, et al (2021) Mechanical and environmental performance of eggshell lime for expansive soils improvement. Transp Geotech 31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2021.100681

  27. Mishra S, Sachdeva SN, Manocha R (2019) Subgrade soil stabilization using stone dust and coarse aggregate: a cost effective approach. Int J Geosynth Gr Eng 5:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  28. Reis JB, Pelisser G, Levandoski WMK et al (2022) Experimental investigation of binder based on rice husk ash and eggshell lime on soil stabilization under acidic attack. Sci Rep 12:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11529-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Zha F, Liu S, Du Y, Cui K (2008) Behavior of expansive soils stabilized with fly ash. Nat Hazards 47:509–523

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Brooks RM (2009) Soil stabilization with flyash and rice husk ash. Int J Res Rev Appl Sci 1:2076–2734

    Google Scholar 

  31. Khanday SA, Hussain M, Das AK (2021) A review on chemical stabilization of peat. Geotech Geol Eng 39:5429–5443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-021-01857-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Canakci H, Aziz A, Celik F (2015) Soil stabilization of clay with lignin, rice husk powder and ash. Geomech Eng 8:67–79. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.8.1.067

  33. Kumar A, Gupta D (2016) Behavior of cement-stabilized fiber-reinforced pond ash, rice husk ash-soil mixtures. Geotext Geomembranes 44:466–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2015.07.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Fattah MY, Al-Saidi ÀA, Jaber MM (2015) Characteristics of clays stabilized with lime-silica fume mix. Ital J Geosci 134:104–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Sharma K, Kumar A (2020) Utilization of industrial waste—based geopolymers as a soil stabilizer—a review. Innov Infrastruct Solut 5:1–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Fapohunda C, Akinbile B, Shittu A (2017) Structure and properties of mortar and concrete with rice husk ash as partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement – A review. Int J Sustain Built Environ 6:675–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2017.07.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Barman D, Dash SK (2022) Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Stabilization of expansive soils using chemical additives a review. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 14:1319–1342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2022.02.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Dhar S, Hussain M (2019) The strength behaviour of lime-stabilised plastic fibre-reinforced clayey soil. Road Mater Pavement Des 20:1757–1778. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2018.1468803

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Ghobadi MH, Abdilor Y, Babazadeh R (2014) Stabilization of clay soils using lime and effect of pH variations on shear strength parameters. Bull Eng Geol Environ 73:611–619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-013-0563-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Bell FG (1996) Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils. Eng Geol 42:223–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Consoli NC, da Lopes L, S, Prietto PDM, et al (2011) Variables controlling stiffness and strength of lime-stabilized soils. J Geotech Geoenvironmental Eng 137:628–632. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000470

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Akbulut S, Arasan S (2010) The variations of cation exchange capacity, pH, and zeta potential in expansive soils treated by additives. Int J Civ Struct Eng 1:139–154

    Google Scholar 

  43. Mallela J, Von QH, Smith KL (2004) Consideration of lime-stabilized layers in mechanistic-empirical pavement design. Natl Lime Assoc 61820:1–36

    Google Scholar 

  44. Little DN, Scullion T, Kota P, Bhuiyan J (1995) Guidelines for mixture design and thickness design for stabilized bases and subgrades

  45. Jan MA, Walker RD (1963) Effect of lime, moisture and compaction on a clay soil. Highw Res Rec

  46. Wang JWH, Mateos M, Davidson DT (1963) Comparative effects of hydraulic, calcitic and dolomitic limes and cement in soil stabilization. Highw Res Rec

  47. Bergado DT, Anderson LR, Miura N, Balasubramaniam AS (1996) Soft ground improvement in lowland and other environments. AsCE

  48. Dash SK, Hussain M (2015) Influence of lime on shrinkage behavior of soils. J Mater Civ Eng 27:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Jawad IT, Taha MR, Majeed ZH, Khan TA (2014) Soil stabilization using lime: advantages, disadvantages and proposing a potential alternative. Res J Appl Sci Eng Technol 8:510–520. https://doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.8.1000

  50. Dhar S, Hussain M (2021) The strength and microstructural behavior of lime stabilized subgrade soil in road construction. Int J Geotech Eng 15:471–483. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2019.1598623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Jha AK, Sivapullaiah PV (2020) Lime stabilization of soil: a physico-chemical and micro-mechanistic perspective. Indian Geotech J 50:339–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-019-00371-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Indian Bureau of Mines (2018) Indian minerals yearbook 2017 (part-III: mineral reviews) limestone and other calcareous materials. Indian Bur Mines 2017:1–25

    Google Scholar 

  53. Setyo Muntohar A (2006) Swelling characteristics and improvement of expansive soil with rice husk ash. Expans Soils. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203968079.ch30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Abbasi N, Mahdieh M (2018) Improvement of geotechnical properties of silty sand soils using natural pozzolan and lime. Int J Geo Eng 9:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Liu Y, Su Y, Namdar A, et al (2019) Utilization of cementitious material from residual rice husk ash and lime in stabilization of expansive soil. Adv Civ Eng 2019:. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5205276

  56. Eliaslankaran Z, Daud NNN, Yusoff ZM, Rostami V (2021) Evaluation of the effects of cement and lime with rice husk ash as an additive on strength behavior of coastal soil. Materials (Basel) 14:1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Phai H, Eisazadeh A (2020) Geotechnical properties of rice husk ash-lime-stabilised Bangkok clay. J Eng Sci Technol 15:198–215

    Google Scholar 

  58. Ramesh HN, Manjunatha BV (2020) Justification of strength properties of microstructural changes in the black cotton soil stabilized with rice husk ash and carbide lime in the presence of sodium salts. SN Appl Sci 2:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2226-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Muntohar A., Hashim R (2002) A study of expansive clay treated With LRHA. 2nd World Eng Congr, pp 77–80

  60. Sharma RK, Hymavathi J (2016) Effect of fly ash, construction demolition waste and lime on geotechnical characteristics of a clayey soil: a comparative study. Environ Earth Sci 75:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4796-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Sen S, Chakraborty R, Kalita P (2020) Rice-not just a staple food: a comprehensive review on its phytochemicals and therapeutic potential. Trends Food Sci Technol 97:265–285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Food Staple. https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/food-staple/. Accessed 18 Jul 2023

  63. These visuals show the world’s 10 biggest rice producers | World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/03/visualizing-the-world-s-biggest-rice-producers/. Accessed 18 Jul 2023

  64. Tangri A (2020) Effect of lime and RHA on clayey soil—a review. Mater Today Proc 37:2239–2241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.683

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Kumar A, Sengupta B, Dasgupta D et al (2016) Recovery of value added products from rice husk ash to explore an economic way for recycle and reuse of agricultural waste. Rev Environ Sci Bio/Technology 15:47–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-015-9388-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Hossain SKS, Mathur L, Roy PK (2018) Rice husk/rice husk ash as an alternative source of silica in ceramics: a review. J Asian Ceram Soc 6:299–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/21870764.2018.1539210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Sarangi M, Bhattacharyya S, Behera RC (2009) Effect of temperature on morphology and phase transformations of nano-crystalline silica obtained from rice husk. Phase Trans 82:377–386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Singh B (2018) Rice husk ash. In: Waste and supplementary cementitious materials in concrete. Elsevier, pp 417–460

  69. Mehta PK (1986) Concrete: structure, properties, and materials.-Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ

  70. Alex J, Dhanalakshmi J, Ambedkar B (2016) Experimental investigation on rice husk ash as cement replacement on concrete production. Constr Build Mater 127:353–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Mahmud H Bin, Hamid NAA, Chin KY (2010) Production of high strength concrete incorporating an agricultural waste-rice husk ash. In: 2010 2nd International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering. IEEE, pp 106–109

  72. Le HT, Siewert K, Ludwig H-M (2015) Alkali silica reaction in mortar formulated from self-compacting high performance concrete containing rice husk ash. Constr Build Mater 88:10–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Raja K, Venkatachalam S, Vishnuvardhan K et al (2022) A review on soil stabilization using rice husk ash and lime sludge. Mater Today Proc 65:1205–1212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.04.178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Boateng AA, Skeete DA (1990) Incineration of rice hull for use as a cementitious material: the Guyana experience. Cem Concr Res 20:795–802

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Sutas J, Mana A, Pitak L (2012) Effect of rice husk and rice husk ash to properties of bricks. Proc Eng 32:1061–1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.02.055

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Siriwardena S, Ismail H, Ishiaku US (2001) A comparison of white rice husk ash and silica as fillers in ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer vulcanizates. Polym Int 50:707–713

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Naito A (2000) Low-cost technology for controlling soybean insect pests in Indonesia. Ext Bull Food Fertil Technol Cent

  78. Muthadhi A, Anitha R, Kothandaraman S (2007) Rice husk ash—properties and its uses: a review. J Inst Eng Civ Eng Div 88:50–56

    Google Scholar 

  79. Ahmaruzzaman M, Gupta VK (2011) Rice husk and its ash as low-cost adsorbents in water and wastewater treatment. Ind Eng Chem Res 50:13589–13613. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie201477c

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Kumar N, Amritphale SS, Matthews JC, Lynam JG (2021) Oil spill cleanup using industrial and agricultural waste-based magnetic silica sorbent material: a green approach. Green Chem Lett Rev 14:632–639. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2021.1993349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Islabão GO, Vahl LC, Timm LC et al (2014) Cinza de casca de arroz como corretivo de acidez do solo. Rev Bras Cienc do Solo 38:934–941. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832014000300025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Givi AN, Rashid SA, Aziz FNA, Salleh MAM (2010) Assessment of the effects of rice husk ash particle size on strength, water permeability and workability of binary blended concrete. Constr Build Mater 24:2145–2150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.045

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Givi AN, Rashid SA, Aziz FNA, Salleh MAM (2010) Contribution of rice husk ash to the properties of mortar and concrete: a review. J Am Sci 6:157–165

    Google Scholar 

  84. Top paddy rice producers worldwide 2021 | Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/255937/leading-rice-producers-worldwide/. Accessed 18 Jul 2023

  85. Top 10 rice producing states in India: Rice production and area under cultivation—India Today. https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/top-10-rice-producing-states-in-india-rice-production-and-area-under-cultivation-1343024-2018-09-18. Accessed 18 Jul 2023

  86. Ali FH (1992) Stabilization of a residual soil. Soils Found 32:178–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Zhang MH, Lastra R, Malhotra VM (1996) Rice-husk ash paste and concrete: some aspects of hydration and the microstructure of the interfacial zone between the aggregate and paste. Cem Concr Res 26:963–977. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(96)00061-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Muntohar AS, Hantoro G (2000) Influence of rice husk ash and lime on engineering properties of a clayey subgrade. Electron J Geotech Eng 5:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  89. Cordeiro GC, Toledo Filho RD, Fairbairn DMR, E, (2009) Use of ultrafine rice husk ash with high-carbon content as pozzolan in high performance concrete. Mater Struct Constr 42:983–992. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-008-9437-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Feng Q, Yamamichi H, Shoya M, Sugita S (2004) Study on the pozzolanic properties of rice husk ash by hydrochloric acid pretreatment. Cem Concr Res 34:521–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.09.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Jha JN, Gill KS (2006) Effect of rice husk ash on lime stabilization of soil. J Inst Eng Civ Eng Div 87:33–39

    Google Scholar 

  92. Chindaprasirt P, Kanchanda P, Sathonsaowaphak A, Cao HT (2007) Sulfate resistance of blended cements containing fly ash and rice husk ash. Constr Build Mater 21:1356–1361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.10.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Ganesan K, Rajagopal K, Thangavel K (2008) Rice husk ash blended cement: assessment of optimal level of replacement for strength and permeability properties of concrete. Constr Build Mater 22:1675–1683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.06.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Foong KY, Alengaram UJ, Jumaat MZ, Mo KH (2015) Enhancement of the mechanical properties of lightweight oil palm shell concrete using rice husk ash and manufactured sand. J Zhejiang Univ Sci A 16:59–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Ghorbani A, Salimzadehshooiili M, Medzvieckas J, Kliukas R (2018) Strength characteristics of cement-rice husk ash stabilised sand-clay mixture reinforced with polypropylene fibers. Balt J Road Bridg Eng 13:447–474. https://doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2018-13.428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Daryati, Ramadhan MA (2020) Improvement of expansive soils stabilized with rice husk ash (RHA). J Phys Conf Ser 1625:. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1625/1/012006

  97. Van VTA, Rößler C, Bui DD, Ludwig HM (2013) Mesoporous structure and pozzolanic reactivity of rice husk ash in cementitious system. Constr Build Mater 43:208–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Xu W, Lo TY, Memon SA (2012) Microstructure and reactivity of rich husk ash. Constr Build Mater 29:541–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Pushpakumara BHJ, Mendis WSW (2022) Suitability of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) with lime as a soil stabilizer in geotechnical applications. Int J Geo Eng 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-021-00169-w

  100. Houston DF (1972) Rice hulls. Rice Chem Technol 301–352

  101. Behak L (2017) Soil stabilization with rice hsh. Rice Technol Prod. https://doi.org/10.5772/66311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Nguyen VT (2011) Rice husk ash as a mineral admixture for ultra high performance concrete

  103. Hamad MA, Khattab IA (1981) Effect of the combustion process on the structure of rice hull silica. Thermochim Acta 48:343–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(81)80255-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Nair DG, Fraaij A, Klaassen AAK, Kentgens APM (2008) A structural investigation relating to the pozzolanic activity of rice husk ashes. Cem Concr Res 38:861–869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.10.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Nair DG, Jagadish KS, Fraaij A (2006) Reactive pozzolanas from rice husk ash: an alternative to cement for rural housing. Cem Concr Res 36:1062–1071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.03.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Nehdi M, Duquette J, El Damatty A (2003) Performance of rice husk ash produced using a new technology as a mineral admixture in concrete. Cem Concr Res 33:1203–1210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Ahmed AE, Adam F (2007) Indium incorporated silica from rice husk and its catalytic activity. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 103:284–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Hwang CL, Chandra S (1996) The use of rice husk ash in concrete. In: Waste materials used in concrete manufacturing. Elsevier, pp 184–234

  109. Mehta PK (1979) The chemistry and technology of cements rice husk ash made from rice husk ash. In: Proceedings of the unido-escap/RCTT workshop on rice husk ash cement, 1979. pp 113–122

  110. Bouzoubaâ N, Fournier B (2001) Concrete incorporating rice-husk ash: compressive strength and chloride-ion penetrability. Mater Technol Lab 121:81–92

    Google Scholar 

  111. Maeda N, Wada I, Kawakami M et al (2001) Development of a new furnace for the production of rice husk ash. Spec Publ 199:835–852

    Google Scholar 

  112. Bartha P, Huppertz EA (1974) Structure and crystallization of silica in rice husk. In: Proceedings of the rice by products utilization international Cconference, Valencia, Spain

  113. Yeoh AK, Bidin R, Chong CN, Tay CY (1979) The relationship between temperature and duration of burning of rice-husk in the development of amorphous rice-husk ash silica. In: Proceedings of UNIDO/ESCAP/RCTT, Follow-up Meeting on Rice-Husk Ash Cement, Alor Setar, Malaysia

  114. Khan MNN, Jamil M, Karim MR et al (2015) Utilization of rice husk ash for sustainable construction: a review. Res J Appl Sci Eng Technol 9:1119–1127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Fuad MYA, Jamaludin M, Ishak ZAM, Omar AKM (1993) Rice husk ash as fillers in polypropylene: a preliminary study. Int J Polym Mater 19:75–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. de Luxan MP, Madruga F, Saavedra J (1989) Rapid evaluation of pozzolanic activity of natural products by conductivity measurement. Cem Concr Res 19:63–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Surana MS, Joshi SN (1990) Conductometric technique for estimating the activity of pozzolanic materials. Indian Concr J 64:

  118. Le HT (2015) Behaviour of rice husk ash in self-compacting high performance concrete

  119. Chandrasekhar S, Pramada PN, Majeed J (2006) Effect of calcination temperature and heating rate on the optical properties and reactivity of rice husk ash. J Mater Sci 41:7926–7933

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. Safiuddin M, West JS, Soudki KA (2011) Flowing ability of the mortars formulated from self-compacting concretes incorporating rice husk ash. Constr Build Mater 25:973–978

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Rodríguez G, Sensale D, Ribeiro AB, Gonçalves A (2008) Effects of RHA on autogenous shrinkage of Portland cement pastes. Cem Concr Compos 30:892–897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.06.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. Antiohos SK, Papadakis VG, Tsimas S (2014) Cement and concrete research rice husk ash (RHA) effectiveness in cement and concrete as a function of reactive silica and fi neness. Cem Concr Res 61–62:20–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.04.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Bui DD, Hu J, Stroeven P (2005) Particle size effect on the strength of rice husk ash blended gap-graded Portland cement concrete. Cem Concr Compos 27:357–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Ramadhansyah PJ, Mahyun AW, Salwa MZM, et al (2012) Thermal analysis and pozzolanic index of rice husk ash at different grinding time. Proc Eng 101–109

  125. Prusinski JR, Land S Effectiveness of Portland cement and lime in stabilizing clay soils, pp 215–227

  126. Jalal FE, Xu Y, Jamhiri B, et al (2020) On the recent trends in expansive soil stabilization using calcium-Based stabilizer materials (CSMs): a comprehensive review. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2020:. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1510969

  127. Buerger W (1974) Soil stabilization with lime. Tiefbau 16

  128. Keller WD (1964) Processes of origin and alteration of clay minerals. Soil clay Mineral 3:

  129. Saride S, Puppala AJ, Chikyala SR (2013) Swell-shrink and strength behaviors of lime and cement stabilized expansive organic clays. Appl Clay Sci 85:39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2013.09.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. (1999) Evaluation of structural properties of lime stabilized soils and aggregates volume 1 : summary of findings prepared for the national lime association by Dallas N . Little.1

  131. Ramadan BS, Sari GL, Rosmalina RT, Effendi AJ (2018) An overview of electrokinetic soil flushing and its effect on bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soil. J Environ Manage 218:309–321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. Hunter D (1988) Lime-induced heave in sulfate-bearing clay soils. J Geotech Eng 114:150–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. Mukhtar MA, Lasledj A, Alcover JF (2014) Lime consumption of different clayey soil. Appl Clay Sci 95:133–145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  134. Janz M, Johansson S-E (2002) The function of different binding agents in deep stabilization. Swedish Deep Stab Res centre, Rep 9:1–35

    Google Scholar 

  135. Alhassan M (2008) Permeability of lateritic soil treated with lime and rice husk ash

  136. Nasiri M, Lotfalian M, Modarres A, Wu W (2016) Optimum utilization of rice husk ash for stabilization of sub-base materials in construction and repair projects of forest roads. Croat J For Eng 37:333–343

    Google Scholar 

  137. Eberemu AO (2011) Consolidation properties of compacted lateritic soil treated with rice husk ash. Geomaterials 1:70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. Sivapullaiah P V, Rao KSS, Gurumurthy J V (2004) Stabilisation of rice husk ash for use as cushion below foundations on expansive soils, pp 137–149

  139. Rahman MA (1986) Effect of rice husk ash on geotechnical properties of lateritic soils. West Indian J Eng 11:18–24

    Google Scholar 

  140. Wild S, Kinuthia JM, Jones GI, Higgins DD (1998) Effects of partial substitution of lime with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) on the strength properties of lime-stabilised sulphate-bearing clay soils. Eng Geol 51:37–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(98)00039-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. Sivapullaiah PV, Sridharan A, Bhaskar Raju KV (2000) Role of amount and type of clay in the lime stabilization of soils. Proc Inst Civ Eng Improv 4:37–45

    Google Scholar 

  142. Thompson MR (1966) Lime reactivity of Illinois soils. J Soil Mech Found Div 92:67–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. Boardman DI, Glendinning S, Rogers CDF (2001) Development of stabilisation and solidification in lime–clay mixes. Geotechnique 51:533–543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  144. Rahman MDA (1986) The potentials of some stabilizers for the use of lateritic soil in construction. Build Environ 21:57–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(86)90008-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. Osinubi KJ (1995) Lime modification of black cotton soil. Spectr J 2:112–122

    Google Scholar 

  146. Choobbasti AJ, Ghodrat H, Vahdatirad MJ et al (2010) Influence of using rice husk ash in soil stabilization method with lime. Front Earth Sci China 4:471–480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-010-0138-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. Ali FH, Adnan A, Choy CK (1992) Geotechnical properties of a chemically stabilized soil from Malaysia with rice husk ash as an additive. Geotech Geol Eng 10:117–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00881147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  148. Osinubi KJ, Katte VY (1997) Effect of elapsed time after mixing on grain size and plasticity characteristics; soil lime mixes. NSE Tech Trans Niger 32:65–76

    Google Scholar 

  149. Gupta D, Kumar A (2017) Performance evaluation of cement-stabilized pond ash-rice husk ash-clay mixture as a highway construction material. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 9:159–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2016.05.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  150. Ashango AA, Patra NR (2016) Behavior of expansive soil treated with steel slag, rice husk ash, and lime. J Mater Civ Eng 28:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001547

    Article  Google Scholar 

  151. Sarkar G, Alamgir M (2012) Interpretation of rice husk ash on geotechnical properties of cohesive soil

  152. Al-Akhras NM, Attom MF, Al-Akhras KM, Malkawi AIH (2008) Influence of fibers on swelling properties of clayey soil. Geosynth Int 15:304–309. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.2008.15.4.304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  153. Gromko GJ (1974) Review of expansive soils. J Geotech Eng Div 100:667–687

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. Chen FH (1975) Foundations on expansive soils. Elsevier Scientific Publication Company

  155. Rogers CDF, Glendinning S (1996) Modification of clay soils using lime. In: Lime Stabilisation: Proceedings of the seminar held at Loughborough University Civil & Building Engineering Department on 25 September 1996. Thomas Telford Publishing, pp 99–114

  156. Dempsey BJ, Thompson MR (1967) Durability properties of lime-soil mixtures

  157. Zhao H, Liu J, Guo J et al (2015) Reexamination of lime stabilization mechanisms of expansive clay. J Mater Civ Eng 27:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. Jiang X, Huang Z, Ma F, Luo X (2019) Analysis of strength development and soil-water characteristics of rice husk ash-lime stabilized soft soil. Materials (Basel) 12:. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma122333873

  159. Bagheri Y, Ahmad F, Ismail MAM (2014) Strength and mechanical behavior of soil-cement-lime-rice husk ash (soil-CLR) mixture. Mater Struct Constr 47:55–66. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0044-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  160. Rahman ZA, Hasan H, Rahim SA, et al (2014) Effect of rice husk ash addition on geotechnical characteristics of treated residual soil effect of rice husk ash addition on geotechnical, pp 19–21. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2014.14.12.12462

  161. Alhassan M, Alhaji MM (2017) Utilisation of rice husk ash for improvement of deficient soils in Nigeria: a review. Niger J Technol 36:386. https://doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i2.10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. Li J, Tang C, Wang D et al (2014) Effect of discrete fibre reinforcement on soil tensile strength. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 6:133–137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  163. Tang C-S, Wang D-Y, Cui Y-J, et al (2016) Tensile strength of fiber-reinforced soil. J Mater Civ Eng 28:. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001546

  164. Xiao Y, He X, Evans TM et al (2019) Unconfined compressive and splitting tensile strength of basalt fiber-reinforced biocemented sand. J Geotech Geoenvironmental Eng 145:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0002108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  165. Ali FH, Adnan A, Choy CK (1992) Use of rice husk ash to enhance lime treatment of soil. Can Geotech J 29:843–852

    Article  Google Scholar 

  166. Elkady TY (2016) The effect of curing conditions on the unconfined compression strength of lime-treated expansive soils. Road Mater Pavement Des 17:52–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2015.1062409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  167. Wang D, Ph D, Zentar R et al (2017) Temperature-accelerated strength development in stabilized marine soils as road construction materials 29:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001778

  168. Sridharan A, Prashanth JP, Sivapullaiah PV (1997) Effect of fly ash on the unconfined compressive strength of black cotton soil. Gr Improv 1:169–175. https://doi.org/10.1680/gi.1997.010304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  169. Behak L (2017) Soil stabilization with rice husk ash. Rice Technol Prod 29:

  170. Muntohar AS, Widianti A, Hartono E, Diana W (2013) Engineering properties of silty soil stabilized with lime and rice husk ash and reinforced with waste plastic fiber. J Mater Civ Eng 25:1260–1270. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0000659

    Article  Google Scholar 

  171. Singh D, Manojkumar D, Kumar S (2022) Materials today: proceedings strength characteristics of kaolin clay mixed with RHA, sand and lime. Mater Today Proc 60:328–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.01.236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  172. Wiersholm P, Paniagua P, Emdal A (2022) Effect of temperature on the strength of lime—cement stabilized Norwegian clays. 148:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002699

  173. Sabrin S, Siddiqua S, Muhammad N (2019) Transportation geotechnics understanding the effect of heat treatment on subgrade soil stabilized with bentonite and magnesium alkalinization. 21:

  174. Pani A, Singh SP (2017) Influences of curing conditions on strength and microstructure of lime-amended fly ash

  175. Manzoor SO, Yousuf A, Dhar S et al (2020) Soil stabilization of clay with lignin, rice husk powder and ash. Constr Build Mater 15:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-018-0072-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  176. Haliburton TA (1972) Accelerated curing of salt-treated and lime-treated cohesive soils. Highw Res Rec 10

  177. Doty R, Alexander ML (1968) Determination of strength equivalency for design of lime-stabilized roadways. Rep No FHWA-CA-TL-78–37

  178. Anggraini V, Asadi A, Huat BBK, Nahazanan H (2015) Effects of coir fibers on tensile and compressive strength of lime treated soft soil. Meas J Int Meas Confed 59:372–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2014.09.059

    Article  Google Scholar 

  179. Kumar T, Kamrul B, Rokonuzzaman A (2019) Impact of rice husk ash ( RHA ) and nylon fiber on the bearing capacity of organic soil. SN Appl Sci 1:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0275-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  180. Sobhan K (2008) Improving the tensile strength and toughness of a soil-cement-fly ash pavement subgrade with recycled HDPE strips. In: GeoCongress 2008: geosustainability and geohazard mitigation, pp 1065–1072

  181. Rabab’ah S, Al Hattamleh O, Aldeeky H, Abu Alfoul B (2021) Effect of glass fiber on the properties of expansive soil and its utilization as subgrade reinforcement in pavement applications. Case Stud Constr Mater 14:. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00485

  182. Shukla SK (2017) Fundamentals of fibre-reinforced soil engineering

  183. Kumar P, Singh SP (2008) Fiber-reinforced fly ash subbases in rural roads. J Transp Eng 134:171–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  184. Tang C, Shi B, Gao W et al (2007) Strength and mechanical behavior of short polypropylene fiber reinforced and cement stabilized clayey soil. Geotext Geomembranes 25:194–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2006.11.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  185. Buensuceso BR (1990) Engineering behaviour of lime treated soft Bangkok clays. PhD Diss Asian Inst Technol

  186. Rajasekaran G, Rao SN (1997) The microstructure of lime-stabilized marine clay. Ocean Eng 24:867–878

    Article  Google Scholar 

  187. Rahman ZA, Hasan H, Rahim SA, Lihan T (2014). Effect of rice husk ash addition on geotechnical characteristics of treated residual soil impact of Hulu terengganu hydroelectric project on elephant home range and movement patterns View project Plants enzymology View project. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2014.14.12.12462

  188. Onitsuka K, Modmoltin C, Kouno M (2001) Investigation on microstructure and strength of lime and cement stabilized Ariake clay. Reports Fac Sci Eng Saga 30:49–63

    Google Scholar 

  189. Song Z, Zhang D, Mao Y, et al (2020) Behavior of lime-stabilized red bed soil after cyclic wetting-drying in triaxial tests and SEM analysis. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4230519

  190. Milburn JP, Parsons RL (2004) Performance of soil stabilisation agents. Report No. K-TRAN: KU-01–8

  191. Eberemu AO (2011) Consolidation properties of compacted lateritic soil treated with rice husk ash. Geomaterials 01:70–78. https://doi.org/10.4236/gm.2011.13011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  192. Osinubi KJ, Eberemu AO (2006) Effect of bagasse ash on the strength of stabilized lateritic soil. In: Proceedings of 5th Nigerian material congress, Abuja, pp 15–18

  193. Muntohar AS (2002) Utilization of uncontrolled burnt rice husk ash 4:100–105

  194. Muntohar AS, Hashim R Durability of the stabilized clay with lime and rice husk ash for roadway subgrade

  195. Faray, Rahayu W (2020) Durability and strength improvement of clayshale using various stabilized materials. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 426:. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/426/1/012028

  196. Al-kiki IM, Al-atalla M, Al-zubaydi AAH (2011) Long term strength and durability of clayey soil stabilized with lime. Eng Tech J 29:725–735

    Google Scholar 

  197. Hotineanu A, Bouasker M, Aldaood A, Al-Mukhtar M (2015) Effect of freeze-thaw cycling on the mechanical properties of lime-stabilized expansive clays. Cold Reg Sci Technol 119:151–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2015.08.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  198. Oti JE, Kinuthia JM, Bai J (2009) Engineering properties of unfired clay masonry bricks. Eng Geol 107:130–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  199. Stavridakis EI (2005) Evaluation of engineering and cement—stabilization parameters of clayey—sand mixtures under soaked conditions. 635–655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-004-0800-8

  200. Bin-Shafique S, Rahman K, Yaykiran M, Azfar I (2010) The long-term performance of two fly ash stabilized fine-grained soil subbases. Resour Conserv Recycl 54:666–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2009.11.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  201. Park S (2010) Effect of wetting on unconfined compressive strength of cemented sands 136:1713–1720. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000399

  202. Consoli NC, Carlos H, Filho S, et al (2020) Durability of reclaimed asphalt pavement—coal fly ash—carbide lime blends under severe environmental conditions. 0629: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2018.1506354

  203. Zaika Y, Suryo EA (2020) The durability of lime and rice husk ash improved expansive soil. Geomate J 18:171–178

    Google Scholar 

  204. Sharma NK, Swain SK, Sahoo UC (2012) Stabilization of a clayey soil with fly ash and lime: a micro level investigation. Geotech Geol Eng 30:1197–1205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-012-9532-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  205. Jha AK, Sivapullaiah PV (2015) Mechanism of improvement in the strength and volume change behavior of lime stabilized soil. Eng Geol 198:53–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  206. Eades JL, Grim RE (1966) A quick test to determine lime requirements for lime stabilization. Highw Res Rec

  207. Hilt GH, Davidson DT (1960) Lime fixation in clayey soils. Highw Res Board Bull

  208. Dash SK, Hussain M (2012) Lime stabilization of soils: reappraisal 24:707–714. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000431

  209. National Lime Association (2004) Lime-treated soil construction manual lime sta- bilization lime modification. Bull (Arch Am Art), 326

  210. Senol A, Bin-Shafique MS, Edil TB, Benson CH (2002) Use of class C fly ash for stabilization of soft subgrade. Fifth international congress on advances in civil engineering. Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey, pp 25–27

    Google Scholar 

  211. Muntohar A (2016). Swelling characteristics and improvement of expansive soil with rice husk ash. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203968079.ch30

  212. Toohey NM, Mooney MA, Asce M, Bearce RG (2013) Stress-strain-strength behavior of lime-stabilized soils during accelerated curing 25:1880–1886. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000749

  213. Sinha P, Iyer KKR (2020) Effect of stabilization on characteristics of subgrade soil: a review. In: Advances in computer methods and geomechanics: IACMAG symposium 2019 volume 1. Springer, pp 667–682

  214. Muntohar AS (2006) Swelling characteristics and improvement of expansive soil with rice husk ash. Expans Soils Recent Adv Charact Treat 435–451

  215. Zhang Y, Daniels JL, Cetin B, Baucom IM (2020) Effect of temperature on pH. Conduct Strength Lime Stabilized Soil 32:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003062

    Article  Google Scholar 

  216. McDowell C (1959) Stabilization of soils with lime, lime-flyash, and other lime reactive materials. Highw Res Board Bull 231:60–66

    Google Scholar 

  217. Negi AS, Faizan M, Siddharth DP, Singh R (2013) Soil stabilization using lime. Int J Innov Res Sci Eng Technol 2:448–453

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

Not applicable.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, Assam, India

    Gautam & Debjit Bhowmik

Authors
  1. Gautam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Debjit Bhowmik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

G helped in idea of the article, literature survey, draft preparation, data analysis, and methodology. DB was involved in supervision, reviewing, and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gautam.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors announce that there are no known conflicts of interest with this publication.

Ethical approval

The authors have adhered to the ethical standards of a genuine research study.

Informed consent

Not applicable.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gautam, Bhowmik, D. Application of lime-rice husk ash mixture (LRHA) for the stabilization of fine-grained soil: a state-of-the-art review. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 8, 308 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-023-01269-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-023-01269-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation