Abstract
Self-healing of concrete is significance to regain the performance of concrete because cracking is unavoidable by the use of the bacteria to produce calcite precipitate which can fill the cracks. This study investigated the relationship between the proportions of nutrient, bacteria, and the bacterial concentration on properties of the self-healing concrete where there is no standard for the mixing ratio of bacteria and nutrients. Also, the current study aimed to study the change in compressive strength on exposure to sulfate attack. Two types of bacteria Sporosarcina pasteurii DSM 33 and Bacillus sphaericus DSM 396 were introduced into the concrete. Two concentrations of bacteria 2 × 109 and 2 × 1010 colony-forming units per milliliter and four proportions of bacteria 0.5, 1, 4, and 10% of cement weight were selected for the study. In addition, calcium lactate was used at 0.25, 0.5, and 1% of cement weight as nutrition of bacteria. Tests were performed for compressive strength, water permeability, rapid chloride permeability, SEM, EDX, and XRD. The results show a tremendous development in the compressive strength of concrete especially with 10% bacterial proportion with 1% nutrient, and this can be attributed to the filling of cracks in concrete by calcite which was confirmed by SEM and EDX. Also, the results confirmed that bacteria reduce chloride penetration into the concrete and improved the resistance to sulfate ingress.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Khaliq W, Ehsan MB (2016) Crack healing in concrete using various bio influenced self-healing techniques. Constr Build Mater 102:349–357
Wang J, Van Tittelboom K, De Belie N, Verstraete W (2012) Use of silica gel or polyurethane immobilized bacteria for self-healing concrete. Constr Build Mater 26(1):532–540
Alazhari M, Sharma T, Heath A, Cooper R, Paine K (2018) Application of expanded perlite encapsulated bacteria and growth media for self-healing concrete. Constr Build Mater 160:610–619
Wu M, Johannesson B, Geiker M (2012) A review: self-healing in cementitious materials and engineered cementitious composite as a self-healing material. Constr Build Mater 28(1):571–583
De Rooij M, Van Tittelboom K, De Belie N, Schlangen E (2012) Self-healing phenomena in cement-based materials, State-of-the-art Report of RILEM Technical Committee
Vekariya MS, Pitroda J (2013) Bacterial concrete: new era for construction industry. Int J Eng Trends Technol 4(9):4128–4137
Umesh UJ, Lahoti M, Chen Z, Qiu J, Cao B, Yang EH (2018) Viability of bacterial spores and crack healing in bacteria-containing geopolymer. Constr Build Mater 169:716–723
Siddique R, Nanda V, Kadri E, Khan MI, Singh M, Rajor A (2016) Influence of bacteria on compressive strength and permeation properties of concrete made with cement baghouse filter dust. Constr Build Mater 106:461–469
Nguyen TH et al (2019) Bacterial self-healing of concrete and durability assessment. Cement Concrete Compos 104:103340
Jang I et al (2020) Effects of spray-dried co-cultured bacteria on cement mortar. Constr Build Mater 243:118206
Erşan YÇ, Da Silva FB, Boon N, Verstraete W, De Belie N (2015) Screening of bacteria and concrete compatible protection materials. Constr Build Mater 88:196–203
Huynh NNT, Phuong NM, Toan NPA, Son NK (2017) Bacillus subtilis HU58 Immobilized in micropores of diatomite for using in self-healing concrete. Proc Eng 171:598–605
Andalib R, Majid MZA, Hussin MW, Ponraj M, Keyvanfar A, Mirza J, Lee H-S (2016) Optimum concentration of Bacillus megaterium for strengthening structural concrete. Constr Build Mater 118:180–193
Park S-J, Park J-M, Kim W-J, Ghim S-Y (2012) Application of Bacillus subtilis 168 as a multifunctional agent for improvement of the durability of cement mortar. J Microbiol Biotechnol 22(11):1568–1574
Ramachandran SK, Ramakrishnan V, Bang SS (2001) Remediation of concrete using micro-organisms. ACI Mater J Am Concrete Inst 98(1):3–9
Jing Xu, Wang X (2018) Self-healing of concrete cracks by use of bacteria containing low alkali cementitious material. Constr Build Mater 167:1–14
Braissant O, Verrecchia EP, Aragna M (2002) Is the contribution of bacteria to terrestrial carbon budget greatly underestimated? Naturwissenschaften 89(8):366–370
Xiao X et al (2021) Bacteria-induced internal carbonation of reactive magnesia cement. Constr Build Mater 267:121748
Rong H et al (2020) Influence of bacterial concentration on crack self-healing of cement-based materials. Constr Build Mater 244:118372
Joshi S et al (2019) Protection of concrete structures under sulfate environments by using calcifying bacteria. Constr Build Mater 209:156–166
Chahal N, Siddique R (2013) Permeation properties of concrete made with fly ash and silica fume: Influence of ureolytic bacteria. Constr Build Mater 49:161–174
De Muynck W, Cox K, De Belie N, Verstraete W (2007) Bacterial carbonate precipitation reduces the permeability of cementitious materials. Sustain Constr Mater Technol 3:411–416
Achal V, Mukerjee A, Reddy MS (2013) Biogenic treatment improves the durability and remediates the cracks of concrete structures. Constr Build Mater 48:1–5
Tao F, Jianguang Z, Li ZU, Mengjun Z, Lin Z (2017) Effect of calcium lactate proportion for healing width of cracks and compressive strength of microbial self-healing concrete. Concrete 8:32–36
Joshi S, Goyal S, Reddy MS (2018) Influence of nutrient components of media on structural properties of concrete during biocementation. Constr Build Mater 158:601–613
ES 4756-1 (2013) Cement-part 1: composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements, Egyptian Organization for Standardization and Quality, Egypt
Egyptian Standards–Building Materials Committee (2008). Aggregates for concrete; ES 1109. Cairo (Egypt): Egyptian Organization for Standards and Quality, EOS
Schreiberová H et al (2019) Impact of the self-healing agent composition on material characteristics of bio-based self-healing concrete. Case Stud Constr Mater 11:e00250
Mondal S et al (2020) Deinococcus radiodurans: A novel bacterium for crack remediation of concrete with special applicability to low-temperature conditions. Cement Concr Compos 108:103523
Siddique R, Singh K, Singh M, Corinaldesi V, Rajor A (2016) Properties of bacterial rice husk ash concrete. Constr Build Mater 121:112–119
ASTM C 192/C192M (2015) Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory Annual Book of ASTM Standards American Society for Testing and Materials 4(2)
El-Shikh MY, Ahmed H, Abdel R, Islam MR (2016) Burned Shale as coarse aggregate in High Performance Self-Compacting Concrete, Master in structural engineering Faculty of Engineering. Mansoura University
Kalhori H, Bagherpour R (2017) Application of carbonate precipitating bacteria for improving properties and repairing cracks of shotcrete. Constr Build Mater 148:249–260
BS EN 12390-3 (2019) Testing hardened concrete-part 3: compressive strength of test specimens, British Standards Institution
Wang JY, Snoeck D, Van Vlierberghe S, Verstraete W, De Belie N (2014) Application of hydrogel encapsulated carbonate precipitating bacteria for approaching a realistic self-healing in concrete. Constr Build Mater 68:110–119
ASTM Standard C 1202-12, (2012) Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete’s ability to resist chloride ion penetration, American Standard for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA
Pei R, Liu J, Wang S, Yang M (2013) use of bacterial cell walls to improve the mechanical performance of concrete. Cement Concr Compos 39:122–130
Nosouhian F, Mostofinejad D, Hasheminejad H (2016) Concrete durability improvement in a sulfate environment using bacteria. J Mater Civ Eng 28(1):04015064
Najjar MF, Nehdi ML, Soliman AM, Azabi TM (2017) Damage mechanisms of twostage concrete exposed to chemical and physical sulfate attack. Constr Build Mater 137:141–152
Karimi N, Davood M (2020) Bacillus subtilis bacteria used in fiber reinforced concrete and their effects on concrete penetrability. Constr Build Mater 230:117051
Nosouhian F, Davood M, Hasti H (2015) Influence of biodeposition treatment on concrete durability in a sulphate environment. Biosyst Eng 133:141–152
De Muynck W et al (2008) Bacterial carbonate precipitation improves the durability of cementitious materials. Cement Concr Res 38(7):1005–1014
Li J et al (2016) Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles by the extreme bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans and an evaluation of their antibacterial properties. Int J Nanomed 11:5931
Chahal N, Siddique R, Rajor A (2012) Influence of bacteria on the compressive strength, water absorption and rapid chloride permeability of concrete incorporating silica fume. Constr Build Mater 37:645–651
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Riad, I.M., Elshami, A.A. & Elshikh, M.M.Y. Influence of concentration and proportion prepared bacteria on properties of self-healing concrete in sulfate environment. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 7, 71 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00670-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00670-2