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Environmental concern, leachability and leaching modelling of fly ash and microbes: State-of-the-art review

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Abstract

Quantification and appraisal of the effects of potentially hazardous materials in the environment are of great importance. Revamping of environmental hazard assessment technique has been suggested which primarily focuses on the release of contaminants from waste bodies instead of conventional estimation of waste concentration limits during the release. Production of waste like fly ash and slag in massive amounts from industrial units, thermal, iron and steel plants leads to leaching of contaminants that can have deleterious effect on different components of ecosystem. Different leaching methods are available for predicting the natural leaching of harmful contaminants from fly ash in the laboratory, but it is challenging to select a distinct procedure that can precisely predict the actual scenario for a precise evaluation of different contaminants. The physical–chemical properties of waste, waste disposal life, source configuration and the climatic circumstances of the disposal area must be regarded specifically to select the most appropriate leaching system according to a particular circumstance. As these considerations cannot be established, researchers have suggested several leaching methods and models with the appropriate equipment, which are based on their requirements data on different situations, in the deficiency of a specified procedure and non-standardization of equipment. The present review paper presents state of the art on fly ash, leachability tests, bio-stabilisation methods and various numerical models for determining the contaminant transport.

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Abbreviations

D :

Diffusion coefficient

H :

Hydraulic potential

T :

Total weight of solute

B :

Fraction of average free sedimentation segment length and grain radius

C :

Concentration of solute

G :

Acceleration due to gravity

N :

Porosity

Q :

Water flux

S :

Quantity of dissolved solvate

T :

Time at any point

V :

Velocity coefficient

X :

Distance

z :

Depth

C b :

Concentration of aqueous-phase suspended bacteria

D m :

Mechanical dispersion coefficient

D p :

Effective diffusion constant

J s :

Solute flux (steady state)

K f :

Irreversible adsorption constant

K r :

Reversible adsorption constant

d c :

Diameter of spherical collector

d b :

Diameter of bacteria

d 1 :

Decay rate coefficient of bacteria

g 1 :

Bacteria’s growth rate coefficient

k 1 :

Rate coefficient of reversible attachment

k 2 :

Rate coefficient of detachment

k 3 :

Rate coefficient of irreversible attachment

v g :

Bacteria’s settling velocity

v w :

Pore water velocity

θ :

Volumetric water content

α :

Sticking coefficient

\(v\) :

Velocity of liquid

φ :

Sources of solute

ρ :

Bulk density of soil

η :

Collision efficiency

ε :

Empirical correction factor

ρ b :

Density of bacteria

ρ w :

Water density

μ w :

Viscosity

σ b :

Bacteria’s volumetric fraction connected on hard surface

R(z,t) :

Water deracination by roots

K(θ) :

Hydraulic conductivity

C im :

Concentrations of immobile microbes

C mm :

Concentrations of mobile microbes

C im,max :

Maximum retention volume of saturated sites

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Dr BR Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India

    Tmana Mahajan & S. Rupali

  2. Department of Biotechnical Engineering, Dr BR Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India

    Anee Mohanty

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  1. Tmana Mahajan
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  2. S. Rupali
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  3. Anee Mohanty
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Correspondence to S. Rupali.

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Mahajan, T., Rupali, S. & Mohanty, A. Environmental concern, leachability and leaching modelling of fly ash and microbes: State-of-the-art review. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 7, 19 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00619-5

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