Abstract
This article is a follow-up to the first in situ work that determined the soil lithology of Balterdi Village (Matam, Senegal). The second phase present of the study consists of a physical, mechanical and chemical characterisation of the same soil in the laboratory. The various samples taken from the core drilling operations were tested and analysed in the laboratory for their classifications and nomenclatures in accordance with standard NF P11-300. In addition to these geotechnical tests, chemical tests (pH, sulphate ions, magnesium ions, chloride ions, salinity) were carried out on the soil and on the water table to determine their degree of aggressiveness and thus set the level of protection of the foundation concretes according to the NF P18-011 standard. Chemical analysis tests (pH, sulphate ions, magnesium ions, ammonium ions) were also carried out on some soil and river water samples in accordance with EN206-1. The various results of the laboratory tests have revealed three distinct soil horizons: brown to reddish clay, brown to reddish clay and beige silty to very silty sand. The results of chemical analyses reveal two classes of aggressiveness: a low environmental aggressiveness for reinforced concrete in civil engineering structures (XA1 class) and a: high aggressiveness due to chlorides present in water (XS3 class). It should be noted that the site in question is a tidal zone subject to an overflow of water from the river.
References
Sow L (2020) Study of the behaviour of senegalese ballast materials during compaction with the C-Mould: case of bandia limestone and diack basalt. Key Eng Mater 831:81–86
Kansango MP, Kavula NE, Sow L, Lunda HJM (2019) Geotechnical mapping by deep learning artificial neural network approach. Eur Sci Jour 15(12):233–251
Kavula NE, Kansango MP, Sow L, Bilez NB, Corneille KM, Obed TK (2020) Coupling discriminating statistical analysis and artificial intelligence for geotechnical characterization of the kampemba’s municipality soils (Lubumbashi, DR Congo). Geomaterials 10:35–55
Olsen RS (1994) Normalization and prediction of geotechnical properties using the cone penetrometer Test (CPT). US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station
Gupta R, Rodrigo S, Mitchell J, Jamiolkowski M (2001) Calibration chamber size effects on penetration resistance in Sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 127:628
Holden JC (1971) Research on performance of soil penetrometers. Internal report. Country Roads Board of Victoria, Victoria
Ghionna VN, Jamliolkowski H (1991) A critical appraisal of calibration chamber testing of sands. In: Proceedings of the 1st international symposium on calibration chamber testing, Potsdam, 28–29 13–39
Salgado R, Mitchel JK, Jamiolkowski M (1998) Calibration chamber size effects on penetration resistance in sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 124:878–888
Diedhiou A, Sow L, Diouf GTY, Diop M, Diop NM (2021) Experimental geotechnical characterization campaign of the Matam soil for lithology: application to the study of supports of the Balterdi Bridge. Open J Civ Eng 11(02):200–215
Diedhiou A, Sow L, Dione A (2020) Contribution to comparative study of physical-chemical characteristics of diack basalt and bandia limestone for use in railway engineering. Geomaterials 10(2):24–33
A. Fawaz, E. Farah and F. Hagechehade, Study and relation between the pressuremeter and elastic moduli of soil, National Geotechnical and Engineering Geology Days JNGG2014, (2014).
Baguelin F, Jézequel JF, Shields DH (1978) The pressuremeter and foundation engineering, series on rock and soil méchanics. Trans Tech Publications, Clausthal-Germany
J Biarez, M Gambin, A Gomes-Correia, E Flavigny and D Branque, (1998) Using pressuremeter to obtain parameters to elastic-plastic models for sands. Geotechnical Site Characterization, Roberton & Mayne, Balkerna, Rotterdam.
M Gambin, E Flavigny and M Boulon, (1996) The pressuremeter module: History and modelling, 11th Franco-Polish Colloquium on Soil and Applied Rock Mechanics, Gdansk, 53–60.
K H Goh, K Jeyatharan and D Wen, (2012) Understanding the Stiffness of Soils in Singapore from Pressuremeter Testing, Geotechnical Engineering Journal of the SEAGS & AGSSEA, 43(4).
Cailletaud G, Pilvin P (1994) Identification and inverse problems related to material behavior. Inverse Problems in Engineering Mechanics. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 79–86
Cambou B, Bahar R (1993) Use of the pressuremeter test for the identification of intrinsic parameters of the behaviour of a soil. Revue Francaise de Géotechnique 63:39–50
Dano C, Hicher PY, Tailliez S, Varjabedian M (2002) Identification of the behaviour parameters of the injected soils by inverse analysis of pressuremeter tests. Revue Française de Génie Civil 6(4):631–660
Graham J, Crooks JH, Bell AL (1983) Time effects on the stress strain behavior of soft natural clays. Géotechnique 33(3):327–340
Gibson RE, W. F. (1961) Anderson in situ measurement of soils properties with the pressuremeter. Civil Engineering Pub. Wks. Review 56(658):615–618
P. Y. Hicher, Mechanical behaviour of saturated clays on various monotonous and cyclic load paths. Application to elastoplastic and viscoplastic modelling, PhD thesis, Université Paris 6 (1985).
Hicher PY, Michali A (1996) Identifying soil parameters by means of laboratory and in situ testing. Comput Geotech 19(2):153–170
P Y Hicher and J F Shao, (2002) Methods for identifying parameters in models of soil and rock behaviour 2: incremental laws, viscoplasticity, damage, Ed. Hermes, 203–230.
P Mestat and Y Riou, (2001) Modélisation des sols et des ouvrages avec le modèle Cam-Clay modifié, Revue Française de Génie Civil.
J. Monnet and J. Khlif, Study of the elasto-plastic equilibrium of a powdered soil around the pressure meter, Revue Francaise de Géotechnique, 67 (994) 3–12.
Monnet J (1995) Theoretical and experimental analysis of the elastoplastic equilibrium of a coherent soil around the pressuremeter. The Pressuremeter and its New Avenues, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 193–200
D. Rangeard, Identification of the hydro-mechanical characteristics of a clay by inverse analysis of pressuremeter tests, PhD thesis, Ecole Centrale de Nantes et Université de Nantes (2002).
Rangeard D, Hicher PY, Zentar R (2003) Determining soil permeability from pressuremeter tests. Int J Numer Anal Meth Geomech 27:1–24
D. Rangeard and P. Y. Hicher, (2003) Interpretation of pressiometric tests I. Influence of soil permeability, Revue Française de Génie Civil.
Hemeda S, Pitlakis K (2010) Serapeum temple and the ancient annex daughter library in Alexandria, Egypt: geotechnical-geophysical investigations and stability analysis under static and seismic conditions. Eng Geol 113:33–43
Hemeda S (2021) Geo-environmental monitoring and 3D finite elements stability analysis for site investigation of underground monuments. Horemheb tomb (KV57), Luxor, Egypt. Herit Sci 9:17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00487-3
Hemeda S, Sonbol A (2020) Sustainability problems of the Giza pyramids. Herit Sci 8:8
Acknowledgements
Authors to Technosol Engineering staff address special thanks.
Funding
No funding was provided for this study. It was based on the author's personal efforts.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sow, L., Diouf, G.T.Y. & Diop, M. Experimental campaign for the physical, mechanical and chemical characterisation of the Matam soil: application to the study of supports of the Balterdi Bridge. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 6, 213 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00581-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00581-2