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Post-complexation Functionalization of Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes and Applications to Biomedical and Material Sciences

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Abstract

Cyclometalated iridium(III) (Ir(III)) complexes exhibit excellent photophysical properties that include large Stokes shift, high emission quantum yields, and microsecond-order emission lifetimes, due to low-lying metal-to-ligand charge transfer (spin-forbidden singlet–triplet (3MLCT) transition). As a result, analogs have been applied for research not only in the material sciences, such as the development of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), but also for photocatalysts, bioimaging probes, and anticancer reagents. Although a variety of methods for the synthesis and the applications of functionalized cyclometalated iridium complexes have been reported, functional groups are generally introduced to the ligands prior to the complexation with Ir salts. Therefore, it is difficult to introduce thermally unstable functional groups such as peptides and sugars due to the harsh reaction conditions such as the high temperatures used in the complexation with Ir salts. In this review, the functionalization of Ir complexes after the formation of cyclometalated Ir complexes and their biological and material applications are described. These methods are referred to as “post-complexation functionalization (PCF).” In this review, applications of PCF to the design and synthesis of Ir(III) complexes that exhibit blue –red and white color emissions, luminescence pH probes, luminescent probes of cancer cells, compounds that induce cell death in cancer cells, and luminescent complexes that have long emission lifetimes are summarized.

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Acknowledgements

We wish to thank our collaborators and co-workers for their contributions to work described in this review. We appreciate Dr. Motoo Shiro (Rigaku Co. Ltd.), Prof. Masahiro Kawano (Tokyo Institute of Technology), Prof. Osamu Ishitani (Tokyo Institute of Technology), Dr. Yasuyuki Yamada (Nagoya University), Dr. Junpei Yuasa (Tokyo University of Science), Dr. Masakazu Umezawa (Tokyo University of Science), Dr. Koji Tsuchiya (Tokyo University of Science), Prof. Toshiyuki Kaji (Tokyo University of Science), Prof. Takeshi Nakamura (Tokyo University of Science), Prof. Kohei Soga (Tokyo University of Science), Prof. Hideki Sakai (Tokyo University of Science), Dr. Rikio Niki (Tokyo University of Science), and Dr. Toshinari Ichihara (Tokyo University of Science) for their great assistance and helpful discussion. Financial supports from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan, the Uehara Memorial Foundation, the Tokyo Ohka Foundation for the Promotion of Science and Technology, Kanagawa, Japan, the Tokyo Biochemical Research Foundation, Tokyo, Japan, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), and Tokyo University of Science are gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan

    Shin Aoki, Kenta Yokoi, Yosuke Hisamatsu, Chandrasekar Balachandran, Yuichi Tamura & Tomohiro Tanaka

  2. Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan

    Shin Aoki

  3. Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan

    Shin Aoki & Chandrasekar Balachandran

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This article is part of the Topical Collection “Metal Legand Chromophores for Bioassays”; edited by Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo and Peter Kam-Keung LEUNG.

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Aoki, S., Yokoi, K., Hisamatsu, Y. et al. Post-complexation Functionalization of Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes and Applications to Biomedical and Material Sciences. Top Curr Chem (Z) 380, 36 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-022-00401-w

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