Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Has Emigration Perked Up Entrepreneurship Among Return Migrants in Kerala? Findings from a Survey in a High Migration Density District

  • Research Note
  • Published:
The Indian Journal of Labour Economics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper attempted to analyze the impact of emigration on the entrepreneurial activities of return emigrants in Kerala. It concludes that acquisition of human capital, financial capital, social network, aspiration and other factors influence the entrepreneurial activities in the labour market of Kerala. The paper pitches for a pivotal role for the government to make use of the potential of the returnees.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. The words “entrepreneurship,” “entrepreneurial activity,” “occupational choice,” “employment behavior,” “occupational alternatives” are interchangeably used in the study.

  2. “Migrants” and “Emigrants” used in the study are international migrants.

References

  • Arif, G., and A. Khan. 1996. Period without a job after returning from the Middle East: a survival analysis [with Comments]. The Pakistan Development Review 35 (4): 805–822.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arif, G., and M. Irfan. 1997. Return migration and occupational change: the case of Pakistani migrants returned from the Middle East. The Pakistan Development Review 36 (1): 1–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arif, G. 1998. Reintegration of Pakistani return migrants from the Middle East in the domestic labour market. The Pakistan Development Review 37 (2): 99–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dei, G.J.S. 1991. The re-integration and rehabilitation of migrant workers into local domestic economy: lessons for endogenous development. Human Organisation 50 (4): 327–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drucker, P. 1970. Entrepreneurship in business enterprise. Journal of Business Policy 1 (1): 3–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dustmann, C., and O. Kirchkamp. 2001. The optimal migration duration and activity choice after re-migration. Journal of Development Economics 67 (2): 351–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ilahi, N. 1999. Return migration and occupational change. Review of Development Economics 3: 170–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kannan, K.P., and K.S. Hari. 2020. Revisiting Kerala’s Gulf connection: half a century of emigration, remittances and their macroeconomic impact, 1972–2020. Indian Journal of Labour Economics 63: 941–967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knight, F.H. 1921. Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit. Hart, Schaffner, and Marx Prize Essays, No. 31.Houghton Mifflin, Boston and New York.

  • McCormick, B., and J. Wahba. 2001. Overseas work experience savings and entrepreneurship amongst returnees to LDCs. Scottish Journal of Political Economy 48: 164–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piracha, M., and F. Vadean. 2010. Return Migration and Occupational Choice: Evidence from Albania. World Development 38 (8): 1141–1155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prakash, B.A. 1998. Gulf Migration and its Economic Impacts: The Kerala Experience. Economic and Political Weekly 33 (50).

  • Rajan, S.I., and K.C. Zachariah. 2020. New evidence from kerala migration survey 2018. Economic and Political Weekly 16 (4): 41–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajan, S.I., Zachariah,K C. 2019.Emigration and Remittances: New Evidences from the Kerala Migration Survey 2018, Working Paper 483, Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvanathapuram, Kerala.

  • Sankaranarayanan, K.C., and V. Karunakaran. 1985. Kerala economy. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumpeter, J.A. 1965. Economic theory and entrepreneurial history. In Explorations in enterprise, ed. H.G. Aitken. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian, K.K., and P.M. Pillai. 1986. Kerala’s industrial backwardness: Exploration of alternate hypotheses. Economic and Political Weekly 21 (14): 577–592.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, E. 1976. The social adjustment ol returned migrants to Jamaica. In Ethnicity in the Americas, ed. K. Henry. The Hague: Mouton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahba, J., and Y. Zenou. 2012. Out of sight, out of mind: migration entrepreneurship and social capital. Regional Science and Urban Economics 42: 890–903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zachariah, K.C., E.T. Mathew, and S.I. Rajan. 2001. Impact of migration on Kerala’s economy and society. International Migration 39: 63–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zachariah, K.C., and S.I. Rajan. 2011. Impact of Remittances of non-resident Keralites on Kerala’s economy and society. Indian Journal of Labour Economics 54 (3): 503–526.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

There was no outside funding or grants received that assisted in this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Assistant Professor in Economics, M. E. S. Kalladi College, Mannarkkad, Palakkad (Dt), Kerala, India

    P. Azad

  2. Professor in Economics, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

    A. Abdul Salim

  3. Assistant Professor in Economics, Government Victoria College, Palakkad (Dt), Kerala, India

    P. K. Sujathan

Authors
  1. P. Azad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Abdul Salim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. P. K. Sujathan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to P. Azad.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Azad, P., Salim, A.A. & Sujathan, P.K. Has Emigration Perked Up Entrepreneurship Among Return Migrants in Kerala? Findings from a Survey in a High Migration Density District. Ind. J. Labour Econ. 64, 769–786 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41027-021-00332-y

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41027-021-00332-y

Keyword

JEL Classification

Search

Navigation