Abstract
In recent years, the deterioration of harbor structures has become a matter for concern, and the establishment of effective repair methods has become urgent. In this study, a repair method for installing permanent formwork panels and filling them with underwater inseparable mortar is proposed as an effective section-restoring method for deteriorated concrete caisson sidewalls. To investigate the integrity between existing concrete and repaired parts as well as the effect of thickness increase due to panel installation, static bending tests of a flat-reinforced concrete (RC)-beam-modeled side wall used in caisson structures are conducted. The results obtained from this study are as follows: (1) by attaching the permanent formwork panels to the flat RC beam, the bending crack occurring load was improved by a factor of three, and the rebar yielding load and maximum load were doubled. This tendency was the same even when the RC beam had a cross-sectional defect. (2) The RC beam with the permanent formwork panels finally failed with diagonal cracks opening after the maximum load was reached. The ductility ratio at this time was approximately 6. To improve the deformation performance, it is necessary to apply shear reinforcement. (3) The analysis results by the fiber model assuming the complete adhesion of the permanent formwork panels, underwater inseparable mortar, and RC beam were performed, and the results were compared with the experimental results. As a result, it was clarified that the adhesion of each constituent material was retained until the yield of the main reinforcing bar. After that, pulling out of the main reinforcing bar from the concrete and damage to the permanent formwork panel became apparent. (4) The curvature of the cross-section at the yield of the main reinforcing bar was φyc = 0.007 m−1, and it was confirmed that the assumption of plane conservation was valid in the cross-section with a curvature less than that. This research is expected to promote the efficient maintenance of existing concrete caisson structures. As the amount of cement used and the construction period can be reduced, it is assumed that the environmental load can be reduced as well.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
El-Hawary M, Al-Khaiat H, Fereig S (2000) Performance of epoxy-repaired concrete in a marine environment. Cem Concr Res 30:259–266
Kashi A, Ramezanianpour AA, Moodi F (2017) Durability evaluation of retrofitted corroded reinforced concrete columns with FRP sheets in marine environmental conditions. Constr Build Mater 151:520–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.137
Bayuaji R, Darmawan MS, Husin NA, Anugraha RB, Budipriyanto A, Stewart MG (2018) Corrosion damage assessment of a reinforced concrete canal structure of power plant after 20 years of exposure in a marine environment: a case study. Eng Fail Anal 84:287–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.11.014
Ghalehnovi M, Karimipour A, de Brito J (2020) Chaboki HR (2020) Crack width and propagation in recycled coarse aggregate concrete beams reinforced with steel fibres. Appl Sci 10:7587. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217587
Chaboki HR, Ghalehnovi M, Karimipour A, de Brito J, Khatibinia M (2019) Shear behaviour of concrete beams with recycled aggregate and steel fibres. Constr Build Mater 204:809–827
Chaboki HR, Ghalehnovi M, Karimipour A, de Brito J (2018) Experimental study on the flexural behaviour and ductility ratio of steel fibres coarse recycled aggregate concrete beams. Constr Build Mater 186:400–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.132
Farokhpour Tabrizi M, Ghalehnovi M, Karimpour A (2018) Shear strength of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) Slender Beams, 10th National Conference of Concrete.
Otomonai I, Kawamura K, Hyeonggil C, Hama Y (2018) Influence of various shrinkage reducing materials on setting shrinkage characteristics of fiber reinforced polymer cement mortar. Proc Concrete Struct Sce JSMS 18:721–726 ((in Japanese))
Otomonai I, Hama Y (2019) Influence of early age freezing and construction conditions on strength properties of fiber reinforced polymer cement mortar. Proc Concrete Struct Sce JSMS 19:413–416 ((in Japanese))
Japan Institute of Country-ology and Engineering (2015) National technology development award. http://www.jice.or.jp/award/detail/129. (Accessed 30 Jul 2015)
Kim HY, Koh KT, You YJ, Ryu GS, Seo DW, Jin SS, Ahn GH, Nam JH (2020) Load-deflection behaviour of concrete slab-type elements casted on stay-inplace TRC formwork. Comp Struct 244:112310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112310
Li M, Khennane A, Brandelet B, Ganaoui ME, Khelifa M, Rogaume Y (2018) Modelling of heat transfer through permanent formwork panels exposed to high temperatures. Constr Build Mater 185:166–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.052
Jin Q, Leung CKY, Yu C (2013) Effective joining method for pseudo-ductile permanent formwork. Mater Struct 46:345–360. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9905-3
Leung CKY, Cao Q (2010) Development of pseudo-ductile permanent formwork for durable concrete structures. Mater Struct 43:993–1007. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-009-9561-4
Qiao Z, Pan Z, Xue W, Meng S (2019) Experimental study on flexural behavior of ECC/RC composite beams with U-shaped ECC permanent formwork. Front Struct Civ Eng 13(5):1271–1287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-019-0556-0
Pan Z, Zhu Y, Qiao Z, Meng S (2020) Seismic behavior of composite columns with steel reinforced ECC permanent formwork and infilled concrete. Eng Struct 212:110541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110541
Tian H, Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Wei Y (2020) Axial behavior of reinforced concrete column with ultra-high performance concrete stay-in-place formwork. Eng Struct 210:110403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110403
Huang BT, Li QH, Xu SL, Li CF (2017) Development of reinforced ultra-high toughness cementitious composite permanent formwork: experimental study and digital image correlation analysis. Comp Struct 180:892–903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.08.016
Karimipour A, Edalati M (2020) Shear and flexural performance of low, normal and high-strength concrete beams reinforced with longitudinal SMA. GFRP and steel rebars Eng Struct 221:111086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111086
Ali Anvari AK, Ghalehnovi M, de Brito J (2019) Improved bending behaviour of steel fibres recycled aggregate concrete beams with a concrete jacket. Mag Concr Res. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.19.00146
Ghalehnovi M, Karimipour A, de Brito J (2019) Influence of steel fibres on the flexural performance of reinforced concrete beams with lap-spliced bars. Constr Build Mater 229:116853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116853
Farokhpour A, Ghalehnovi M, Karimipour M (2018) Structural performances of concrete beams with hybrid, fiber-reinforced polymer-steel reinforcements. 7th National and 3rd International Conference in Civil Engineering.
Japan Society of Civil Engineering (2012). Concrete standard specifications [design], Japan Society of Civil Engineering.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Writing original draft, YK; conceptualization, MM; preparing one-half scale specimen, RN. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kurihashi, Y., Minami, M. & Nishiyauchi, R. Verification Test of Restoration Effect of Offshore Concrete Structure Using Permanent Formwork Panels and Underwater Inseparable Mortar. Int J Civ Eng 19, 1111–1124 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-021-00613-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-021-00613-z