Abstract
Low density, fire resistance and good thermal insulation properties of lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) have drawn the attention of engineers and researchers for its widespread application. However, the LWAC still found limited application in the construction industry. For conventional application of LWAC, knowledge of different attributes of its behaviour is needed, and thus the presented review investigates the comprehensive studies on LWACs incorporating lightweight aggregates (LWAs) i.e. oil palm shell, lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA), fly ash-sintered (FS) and pumice, along with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). Firstly, the physico-chemical, morphological and mineralogical characterization of different LWAs is presented, followed by critical review on fresh, hardened, durability and thermal properties of LWACs vis-a-vis normal weight concrete. Furthermore, research works conducted on the development of LWACs using LECA, fly ash and micro-fine slurry powder (MSP) are discussed. Research findings show that LWAC prepared with LECA as coarse and fine aggregate along with 25% fly ash + 10% MSP as cement replacement exhibits good mechanical and thermal properties. Overall, it has been envisaged that LWACs, because of their techno-economic and environmental advantages, are supposed to capture a major share in the building industry in the twenty first century. Basically, the scientific contribution of the present work is to provide the knowledge base and scientific basis for further research in this area and lay the foundation for the development of the guidelines to use LWACs.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdeen MA, Hodhod H (2010) Experimental investigation and development of artificial neural network model for the properties of locally produced light weight aggregate concrete. Eng 02(06):408–419. https://doi.org/10.4236/eng.2010.26054
Abdelfattah M (2019) Effect of firing on mineral phases and properties of lightweight expanded clay aggregates. In: MultiScience—XXXIII. microCAD international multidisciplinary scientific conference. Doi: https://doi.org/10.26649/musci.2019.080
Abdelfattah M, Kocserha I, Géber R, Tihtih M, Móricz F (2020) Evaluating the properties and mineral phases of the expanded clay aggregates with the bentonite additive material. J Phys Conf Ser 1527(1):012030. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1527/1/012030
ACI 213R-03 (2004) Guide for Structural Light Weight Concrete. American Concrete Institute, Michigan, USA
ACI 213R-87 (1987) Guide for Structural Light Weight Concrete. American Concrete Institute, Michigan, USA
Alengaram UJ, Jumaat MZ, Mahmud H (2008) Ductility behavior of reinforced palm kernel shell concrete beams. European J Sci Res 23(3):406–420
Alengaram UJ, Mahmud H, Jumaat MZ (2010a) Comparison of mechanical and bond properties of oil palm kernel shell concrete with normal weight concrete. Int J Phys Sci 5(8):1231–1239
Alengaram UJ, Al Muhit BA, Bin Jumaat MZ, Jing ML (2013) A comparison of the thermal conductivity of oil palm shell foamed concrete with conventional materials. Mater Des 51:522–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.04.078
Alengaram UJ, Mahmud H, Jumaat MZ (2011) Enhancement and prediction of modulus of elasticity of palm kernel shell concrete. Mater Des 32(4):2143–2148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.11.035
Alengaram UJ, Mahmud H, Jumaat MZ, Shirazi SM (2010b) Effect of aggregate size and proportion on strength properties of palm kernel shell concrete. Int J of Phys Sci 5(12):1848–1856
Asadi I, Shafigh P, Hassan ZFBA, Mahyuddin NB (2018) Thermal conductivity of concrete–a review. J Build Eng 20:81–93
Aslam M, Shafigh P, Alizadeh Nomeli M, Zamin Jumaat M (2017) Manufacturing of high-strength lightweight aggregate concrete using blended coarse lightweight aggregates. J Build Eng 13:53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.07.002
Aslam M, Shafigh P, Jumaat MZ (2018) Drying shrinkage strain of palm-oil by-products lightweight concrete: A comparison between experimental and prediction models. KSCE J Civ Eng 22(12):4997–5008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-017-0630-x
ASTM C1152/C1152M-20 (2020) Standard Test Method for Acid-Soluble Chloride in Mortar and Concrete. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, USA
ASTM C330/C330M-14 (2017) Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, USA
ASTM C330/C330M-17A (2017) Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, USA
ASTM C331/C331M-17 (2017) Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Concrete Masonry Units. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, USA
ASTM C332–17 (2017) Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Insulating Concrete. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, USA
ASTM C618–19 (2019) Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, USA
Badogiannis E, Christidis Κ, Tzanetatos G (2019) Evaluation of the mechanical behavior of pumice lightweight concrete reinforced with steel and polypropylene fibers. Constr Build Mater 196:443–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.109
Baker M, Simkins S, Spokas L, Veneman P, Xing B (2014) Comparison of phosphorus sorption by light-weight aggregates produced in the United States. Pedosphere 24(6):808–816. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1002-0160(14)60068-0
Baniassadi A, Heusinger J, Gonzalez PI, Weber S, Samuelson HW (2022) Co-benefits of energy efficiency in residential buildings. Energy 238:121768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121768
Basa B, Pradhan N, Priyadarshini Parhi L (2020) Mechanical properties of concrete with sintered fly ash aggregate as substitute of natural fine aggregate. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng 970(1):012013. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/970/1/012013
Basri H, Mannan M, Zain M (1999) Concrete using waste oil palm shells as aggregate. Cem Concr Res 29(4):619–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8846(98)00233-6
Bastos AM, Sousa H, Melo AF (2005) Methodology for the design of lightweight concrete with expanded clay aggregates. Masonry Soc J 23(1):73–84
Bhardwaj B, Kumar P (2017) Waste foundry sand in concrete: A review. Constr Build Mater 156:661–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.010
Bhogayata A, Dave SV, Arora NK (2020) Utilization of expanded clay aggregates in sustainable lightweight geopolymer concrete. J Mater Cycles Waste Manage 22(6):1780–1792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-01066-7
Bideci A, Gültekin AH, Yıldırım H, Oymael S, Bideci ÖS (2013) Internal structure examination of lightweight concrete produced with polymer-coated pumice aggregate. Composites Part b: Eng 54:439–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.06.004
Bı̇nı̇ci H, Durgun M, Rızaoğlu T, Koluçolak M (2012) Investigation of durability properties of concrete pipes incorporating blast furnace slag and ground basaltic pumice as fine aggregates. Sci Iran 19(3):366-372. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scient.2012.04.007
Bocca P, Rossetti U (1978) Investigation on the cracking behavior of lightweight concrete. Matériaux Et Construct 11(4):261–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02551770
Bogas JA, Carriço A, Pontes J (2019) Influence of cracking on the capillary absorption and carbonation of structural lightweight aggregate concrete. Cem Concr Compos 104:103382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.103382
Bogas JA, Cunha D (2017) Non-structural lightweight concrete with volcanic scoria aggregates for lightweight fill in building’s floors. Constr Build Mater 135:151–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.213
Bogas JA, Gomes A, Gomes MG (2012a) Estimation of water absorbed by expanding clay aggregates during structural lightweight concrete production. Mater Struct 45(10):1565–1576. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9857-7
Bogas JA, Gomes MG, Real S (2014a) Capillary absorption of structural lightweight aggregate concrete. Mater Struct 48(9):2869–2883. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0364-x
Bogas JA, Mauricio A, Pereira M (2012b) Microstructural analysis of iberian expanded clay aggregates. Microsc Microanal 18(5):1190–1208. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1431927612000487
Bogas JA, Nogueira R (2014) Tensile strength of structural expanded clay lightweight concrete subjected to different curing conditions. KSCE J Civ Eng 18(6):1780–1791. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-014-0061-x
Bogas JA, Nogueira R, Almeida NG (2014b) Influence of mineral additions and different compositional parameters on the shrinkage of structural expanded clay lightweight concrete. Materials Des 1980–2015(56):1039–1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.12.013
Bremner TW, Holm TA (1986) Elastic compatibility and the behavior of concrete. ACI J Proc 83(2):244–250. Doi: https://doi.org/10.14359/10422
Campione G (2005) Mechanical properties of steel fibre reinforced lightweight concrete with pumice stone or expanded clay aggregates. Mater Struct 34(238):201–210. https://doi.org/10.1617/13595
Campione G, Miraglia N, Papia M (2001) Mechanical properties of steel fibre reinforced lightweight concrete with pumice stone or expanded clay aggregates. Mater Struct 34(4):201–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02480589
CEB-FIP Model Code 90 (1990) Comité Euro-International du Béton, Secretariat Permanent, Case Postale 88, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
Chaitanya C, Prasad P, Neeraja D, Ravitheja A (2019) Effect of LECA on mechanical properties of self-curing concrete. Mater Today: Proc 19:484–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.640
Cristino T, Faria Neto A, Wurtz F, Delinchant B (2021) Barriers to the adoption of energy-efficient technologies in the building sector: A survey of Brazil. Energy Build 252:111452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111452
Cusson D, Hoogeveen T (2008) Internal curing of high-performance concrete with pre-soaked fine lightweight aggregate for prevention of autogenous shrinkage cracking. Cem Concr Res 38(6):757–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.02.001
Demirel B, Keleştemur O (2010) Effect of elevated temperature on the mechanical properties of concrete produced with finely ground pumice and silica fume. Fire Saf J 45(6–8):385–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.08.002
Dilli ME, Atahan HN, Şengül C (2015) A comparison of strength and elastic properties between conventional and lightweight structural concretes designed with expanded clay aggregates. Constr Build Mater 101:260–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.080
DIN EN 13055:2016–11 Leichte Gesteinskörnungen; Deutsche Fassung EN_13055:2016. (n.d.). Doi: https://doi.org/10.31030/2505101
Dinakar P (2013) Properties of fly-ash lightweight aggregate concretes. Proc Inst Civ Eng Constr Mater 166(3):133–140. https://doi.org/10.1680/coma.11.00046
Divyah N, Thenmozhi R, Neelamegam M (2020) Strength properties and durability aspects of sintered-fly-ash lightweight aggregate concrete. Mater Tehnol 54(3):301–310. Doi: https://doi.org/10.17222/mit.2019.101
Domagała L (2020) Durability of structural lightweight concrete with sintered fly ash aggregate. Mater 13(20):4565. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13204565
Edmund CO, Christopher MS, Pascal DK (2014) Characterization of palm kernel shell for materials reinforcement and water treatment. J Chem Eng Mater Sci 5(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.5897/jcems2014.0172
Eziefula UG, Opara HE, Anya CU (2017) Mechanical properties of palm kernel shell concrete in comparison with periwinkle shell concrete. Malaysian J Civ Eng 29(1).
Farahani JN, Shafigh P, Alsubari B, Shahnazar S, Mahmud HB (2017) Engineering properties of lightweight aggregate concrete containing binary and ternary blended cement. J Cleaner Prod 149:976–988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.077
Foong KY, Alengaram UJ, Jumaat MZ, Mo KH (2015) Enhancement of the mechanical properties of lightweight oil palm shell concrete using rice husk ash and manufactured sand. J Zhejiang Univ Sci A 16(1):59–69. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.a1400175
Ghorbani A, Rabanifar H (2020) The effect of lightweight expanded clay aggregate on the mitigation of liquefaction in shaking table. Geotech Geol Eng 39(3):1861–1875. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01592-z
Gomathi P, Sivakumar A (2015) Accelerated curing effects on the mechanical performance of cold bonded and sintered fly ash aggregate concrete. Constr Build Mater 77:276–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.108
Gündüz L, Uğur İ (2005) The effects of different fine and coarse pumice aggregate/cement ratios on the structural concrete properties without using any admixtures. Cem Concr Res 35(9):1859–1864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.08.003
Güneyisi E, Gesoğlu M, Pürsünlü Ö, Mermerdaş K (2013) Durability aspect of concretes composed of cold bonded and sintered fly ash lightweight aggregates. Composites Part B Eng 53:258–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.04.070
Hakir AA, Wan Ibrahim MH, Othman NH, Shahidan S (2018) The effect of palm oil clinker and oil palm shell on the compressive strength of concrete. Iranian J Sci Technol Trans Civ Eng 43(S1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-018-0176-2
Hariyadi Tamai H (2015) Enhancing the performance of porous concrete by utilizing the pumice aggregate. Procedia Eng 125:732–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.116
Henkensiefken R, Bentz D, Nantung T, Weiss J (2009) Volume change and cracking in internally cured mixtures made with saturated lightweight aggregate under sealed and unsealed conditions. Cem Concr Compos 31(7):427–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.04.003
Herath C, Gunasekara C, Law DW, Setunge S (2020) Performance of high volume fly ash concrete incorporating additives: A systematic literature review. Constr Build Mater 258:120606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120606
Hossain K, Ahmed S, Lachemi M (2011) Lightweight concrete incorporating pumice based blended cement and aggregate: Mechanical and durability characteristics. Constr Build Mater 25(3):1186–1195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.09.036
Hossain KMA (2004) Properties of volcanic pumice based cement and lightweight concrete. Cem Concr Res 34(2):283–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.08.004
Hossain KMA, Ahmed S (2011) Lightweight concrete incorporating volcanic ash-based blended cement and pumice aggregate. J Mater Civ Eng 23(4):493–498. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0000180
https://www.scopus.com/. Accessed 10 February 2022.
Jin W, Jiang L, Chen L, Yin T, Gu Y, Guo M, Yan X, Ben X (2021) Enhancement of thermal conductivity by graphene as additive in lauric-stearic acid/treated diatomite composite phase change materials for heat storage in building envelope. Energy Build 246:111087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111087
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D (2005) Scaling resistance of high performance concretes containing a small portion of pre-wetted lightweight fine aggregate. Cem Concr Compos 27(6):709–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.11.001
Karthika R, Vidyapriya V, Nandhini Sri K, Merlin Grace Beaula K, Harini R, Sriram M (2021) Experimental study on lightweight concrete using pumice aggregate. Mater Today Proc 43:1606–1613.
Kayali O (2008) Fly ash lightweight aggregates in high performance concrete. Constr Build Mater 22(12):2393–2399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.09.001
Kockal NU, Ozturan T (2010) Effects of lightweight fly ash aggregate properties on the behavior of lightweight concretes. J Hazard Mater 179(1–3):954–965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.03.098
Kockal NU, Ozturan T (2011) Durability of lightweight concretes with lightweight fly ash aggregates. Constr Build Mater 25(3):1430–1438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.09.022
Kumar D, Kumar A, Gupta A (2014) Replacement of coarse aggregate with sintered fly ash aggregates for making low cost concrete. Int J Sci Res Dev 2(8):307–310
Kumar R (2014) Development of Cellular Foamed Concrete for Non-Load Bearing Wall using Kota Stone Slurry Waste, M. Tech. thesis, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
Kumar R, Lakhani R (2021) Development of lightweight aggregate concrete with optimum thermal transmittance for opaque wall assembly in composite climates. Abstracts of international conferences and meetings, 1(3).
Kumar R (2020) Modified mix design and statistical modelling of lightweight concrete with high volume micro fines waste additive via the box-behnken design approach. Cem Concr Compos 113:103706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103706
Kumar R (2021) Effects of high volume dolomite sludge on the properties of eco-efficient lightweight concrete: microstructure, statistical modeling, multi-attribute optimization through derringer’s desirability function, and life cycle assessment. J Cleaner Prod 307:127107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127107
Kumar R, Lakhani R, Kumar A (2021) Physico-mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight structural concrete with light expanded clay aggregate for energy-efficient buildings. Lect Notes Civ Eng, pp 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6557-8_14
Kumar R, Lakhani R, Tomar P (2018) A simple novel mix design method and properties assessment of foamed concretes with limestone slurry waste. J Cleaner Prod 171:1650–1663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.073
Kumar R, Srivastava A, Lakhani R (2022) Industrial wastes-cum-Strength enhancing additives incorporated lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) for energy efficient building: a comprehensive review. Sustainability 14(1):331. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010331
Kurt M, Aydin AC, Gül MS, Gül R, Kotan T (2015) The effect of fly ash to self-compactability of pumice aggregate lightweight concrete. Sadhana 40(4):1343–1359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-015-0337-y
Kurt M, Kotan T, Gül MS, Gül R, Aydin AC (2016) The effect of blast furnace slag on the self-compactability of pumice aggregate lightweight concrete. Sadhana 41(2):253–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-016-0462-2
Kuutti J (2016) Modelling of projectile penetration into lightweight expanded clay aggregate. J Dyn Behav Mater 2(4):425–437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40870-016-0078-y
Lakhani R, Kumar R (2015) Effective Utilization of Limestone Slurry Waste as Partial Replacement of Sand for Non-structural Cellular Foamed Concrete Blocks. RILEM Proceedings of International Conference on Sustainable Structural Concrete, La Plata Argentina, Sept. 15–18, 2015. URL: http://www.rilem.org/gene/main.php?base=500218&id_publication=443&id_papier=10387
Li H, Shen X, Zou C (2016) Properties of air-entrained pumice lightweight aggregate concrete and a freezing-resistance forecasting model. J Mater Civ Eng 28(3):04015144. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001419
Lo TY, Cui H, Memon SA, Noguchi T (2016) Manufacturing of sintered lightweight aggregate using high-carbon fly ash and its effect on the mechanical properties and microstructure of concrete. J Cleaner Prod 112:753–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.001
Madandoust R, Kazemi M, Talebi PK, De Brito J (2019) Effect of the curing type on the mechanical properties of lightweight concrete with polypropylene and steel fibres. Constr Build Mater 223:1038–1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.08.006
Madani H, Norouzifar MN, Rostami J (2018) The synergistic effect of pumice and silica fume on the durability and mechanical characteristics of eco-friendly concrete. Constr Build Mater 174:356–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.070
Maghsoudi AA, Mohamadpour S, Maghsoudi M (2011) Mix design and mechanical properties of self -compacting lightweight concrete. Int J Civ Eng 9(3):230–236
Mahdy M (2016) Structural lightweight concrete using cured LECA. Int J Eng Innov Technol (IJEIT) 5(9):25–31
Majhi RK, Padhy A, Nayak AN (2021) Performance of structural lightweight concrete produced by utilizing high volume of fly ash cenosphere and sintered fly ash aggregate with silica fume. Cleaner Eng Technol 3:100121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2021.100121
Malacarne CS, Cardoso R, da Silva M, Danieli S, Gonçalves Maciel V, Paula Kirchheim A (2021) Environmental and technical assessment to support sustainable strategies for limestone calcined clay cement production in Brazil. Constr Build Mater 310:125261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125261
Malešev M, Radonjanin V, Lukić I, Bulatović V (2013) The effect of aggregate, type and quantity of cement on modulus of elasticity of lightweight aggregate concrete. Arabian J Sci Eng 39(2):705–711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-013-0702-2
Manikandan R, Ramamurthy K (2012) Physical characteristics of sintered fly ash aggregate containing clay binders. J Mater Cycles Waste Manage 14(2):120–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-012-0045-1
Mannan MA, Alexander J, Ganapathy C, Teo DCL (2006) Quality improvement of oil palm shell (OPS) as coarse aggregate in lightweight concrete. Build Environ 41(9):1239–1242
Mannan M, Ganapathy C (2002) Engineering properties of concrete with oil palm shell as coarse aggregate. Constr Build Mater 16(1):29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0950-0618(01)00030-7
Meddah MS, Zitouni S, Belâabes S (2010) Effect of content and particle size distribution of coarse aggregate on the compressive strength of concrete. Constr Build Mater 24(4):505–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.10.009
Minapu LK, Ratnam MKMV, Rangaraju U (2014) Experimental study on light weight aggregate concrete with pumice stone, silica fume and fly ash as a partial replacement of coarse aggregate. Int J Innovative Res Sci, Eng Technol 3(12):18130–18138
Mo KH, Alengaram UJ, Jumaat MZ (2015a) Utilization of ground granulated blast furnace slag as partial cement replacement in lightweight oil palm shell concrete. Mater Struct 48(8):2545–2556. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0336-1
Mo KH, Alengaram UJ, Visintin P, Goh SH, Jumaat MZ (2015b) Influence of lightweight aggregate on the bond properties of concrete with various strength grades. Constr Build Mater 84:377–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.040
Mo KH, Goh SH, Alengaram UJ, Visintin P, Jumaat MZ (2016) Mechanical, toughness, bond and durability-related properties of lightweight concrete reinforced with steel fibres. Mater Struct 50(1). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0934-1
Moghaddam SC, Madandoust R, Jamshidi M, Nikbin IM (2021) Mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete with crumb rubber and steel fiber under ambient and sulfuric acid conditions. Constr Build Mater 281:122571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122571
Moghadam AS, Omidinasab F, Goodarzi SM (2021) Characterization of concrete containing RCA and GGBFS: Mechanical, microstructural and environmental properties. Constr Build Mater 289:123134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123134
Moravia W, Gumieri AG, Vasconcelos WL (2010) Efficiency factor and modulus of elasticity of lightweight concrete with expanded clay aggregate. Revista IBRACON De Estruturas e Materiais 3(2):195–204. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952010000200005
Mu S, Ma B, De Schutter G, Li X, Wang Y, Jian S (2011) Effect of shale addition on properties of sintered coal fly ash. Constr Build Mater 25(2):617–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.07.031
Munar-Florez DA, Varón-Cardenas DA, Ramírez-Contreras NE, García-Núñez JA (2021) Adsorption of ammonium and phosphates by biochar produced from oil palm shells: Effects of production conditions. Results in Chemistry 3:100119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100119
Muthusamy K, Rasid MH, Isa NN, Hamdan NH, Jamil NAS, Budiea AMA, Ahmad SW (2021) Mechanical properties and acid resistance of oil palm shell lightweight aggregate concrete containing coal bottom ash. Mater Today Proc 41:47–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.1001
Muthusamy K, Zamri N, Zubir MA, Kusbiantoro A, Ahmad SW (2015) Effect of mixing ingredient on compressive strength of oil palm shell lightweight aggregate concrete containing palm oil fuel ash. Procedia Eng 125:804–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.142
Muthusamy K, Zamri NA (2015) Mechanical properties of oil palm shell lightweight aggregate concrete containing palm oil fuel ash as partial cement replacement. KSCE J Civ Eng 20(4):1473–1481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-015-1104-7
Nadesan MS, Dinakar P (2018) Influence of type of binder on high-performance sintered fly ash lightweight aggregate concrete. Constr Build Mater 176:665–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.057
Nadh VS, Vignan GS, Hemalatha K, Rajani A (2021) Mechanical and durability properties of treated oil palm shell lightweight concrete. Mater Today: Proc 47:282–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.373
Nath P, Sarker PK (2014) Effect of GGBFS on setting, workability and early strength properties of fly ash geopolymer concrete cured in ambient condition. Constr Build Mater 66:163–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.080
Nawel S, Mounir L, Hedi H (2016) Characterisation of lightweight concrete of tunisian expanded clay: mechanical and durability study. European J Environ Civ Eng 21(6):670–695. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2016.1150893
Nguyen L, Beaucour A, Ortola S, Noumowé A (2017) Experimental study on the thermal properties of lightweight aggregate concretes at different moisture contents and ambient temperatures. Constr Build Mater 151:720–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.087
Nováková I, Bodnárová L, Stavař T, Hela R (2015) Evaluation of disruption of concrete caused by exposure to high temperatures by initial surface absorption test. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci 10(15):6299–6304
Okafor FO (1988) Palm kernel shell as a lightweight aggregate for concrete. Cem Concr Res 18(6):901–910. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(88)90026-9
Okpala D (1990) Palm kernel shell as a lightweight aggregate in concrete. Build Environ 25(4):291–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(90)90002-9
Onoue K, Tamai H, Suseno H (2015) Shock-absorbing capability of lightweight concrete utilizing volcanic pumice aggregate. Constr Build Mater 83:261–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.019
Pacheco R, Ordóñez J, Martínez G (2012) Energy efficient design of building: A review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16(6):3559–3573
Parhizkar T, Najimi M, Pourkhorshidi AR (2012) Application of pumice aggregate in structural lightweight concrete.
Patel S, Majhi R, Satpathy H, Nayak A (2019) Durability and microstructural properties of lightweight concrete manufactured with fly ash cenosphere and sintered fly ash aggregate. Constr Build Mater 226:579–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.304
Pravallika BD, Rao KV (2016) The study on strength properties of light weight concrete using light weight aggregate. Int J Sci Res 5(6):1735–1739
Ramamurthy K, Harikrishnan K (2006) Influence of binders on properties of sintered fly ash aggregate. Cem Concr Compos 28(1):33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2005.06.005
Rana A, Kalla P, Csetenyi LJ (2015) Sustainable use of marble slurry in concrete. J Cleaner Prod 94:304–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.01.053
Rana A, Kalla P, Csetenyi LJ (2016) Recycling of dimension limestone industry waste in concrete. Int J Min Reclam Environ 31(4):231–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480930.2016.1138571
Real S, Bogas JA (2017) Oxygen permeability of structural lightweight aggregate concrete. Constr Build Mater 137:21–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.075
Real S, Bogas JA, Pontes J (2015) Chloride migration in structural lightweight aggregate concrete produced with different binders. Constr Build Mater 98:425–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.080
Sahoo S, Selvaraju AK, Suriya Prakash S (2020) Mechanical characterization of structural lightweight aggregate concrete made with sintered fly ash aggregates and synthetic fibres. Cem Concr Compos 113:103712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103712
Sajedi F, Shafigh P (2012) High-strength lightweight concrete using Leca, silica fume, and limestone. Arab J Sci Eng 37(7):1885–1893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-012-0285-3
Sancak E, Dursun Sari Y, Simsek O (2008) Effects of elevated temperature on compressive strength and weight loss of the light-weight concrete with silica fume and superplasticizer. Cem Concr Compos 30(8):715–721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.01.004
Sari D, Pasamehmetoglu A (2005) The effects of gradation and admixture on the pumice lightweight aggregate concrete. Cem Concr Res 35(5):936–942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.04.020
Sarıdemir M, Çelikten S (2020) Investigation of fire and chemical effects on the properties of alkali-activated lightweight concretes produced with basaltic pumice aggregate. Constr Build Mater 260:119969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119969
Satpathy H, Patel S, Nayak A (2019) Development of sustainable lightweight concrete using fly ash cenosphere and sintered fly ash aggregate. Constr Build Mater 202:636–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.034
Schumacher K, Saßmannshausen N, Pritzel C, Trettin R (2020) Lightweight aggregate concrete with an open structure and a porous matrix with an improved ratio of compressive strength to dry density. Constr Build Mater 264:120167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120167
Shafigh P, Chai LJ, Mahmud HB, Nomeli MA (2018) A comparison study of the fresh and hardened properties of normal weight and lightweight aggregate concretes. J Build Eng 15:252–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.11.025
Shafigh P, Jumaat MZ, Mahmud H (2011a) Oil palm shell as a lightweight aggregate for production high strength lightweight concrete. Constr Build Mater 25(4):1848–1853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.075
Shafigh P, Jumaat MZ, Mahmud HB (2012a) Effect of replacement of normal weight coarse aggregate with oil palm shell on properties of concrete. Arabian J Sci Eng 37(4):955–964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-012-0233-2
Shafigh P, Jumaat MZ, Mahmud HB, Alengaram UJ (2011b) A new method of producing high strength oil palm shell lightweight concrete. Mater Des 32(10):4839–4843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.06.015
Shafigh P, Jumaat MZ, Mahmud HB, Hamid NA (2012b) Lightweight concrete made from crushed oil palm shell: Tensile strength and effect of initial curing on compressive strength. Constr Build Mater 27(1):252–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.051
Shafigh P, Nomeli MA, Alengaram UJ, Mahmud HB, Jumaat MZ (2016) Engineering properties of lightweight aggregate concrete containing limestone powder and high volume fly ash. J Cleaner Prod 135:148–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.082
Sharma M, Bishnoi S, Martirena F, Scrivener K (2021) Limestone calcined clay cement and concrete: A state-of-the-art review. Cem Concr Res 149:106564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106564
Shebannavar H, Maneeth PD, Brijbhushan S (2015) Comparative study of LECA as a complete replacement of coarse aggregate by ACI method with equivalent likeness of strength of is method. Int Res J Eng Technol (IRJET) 2(8):589–594
Shen D, Jiang J, Shen J, Yao P, Jiang G (2015) Influence of prewetted lightweight aggregates on the behavior and cracking potential of internally cured concrete at an early age. Constr Build Mater 99:260–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.093
Singh S, Nagar R, Agrawal V, Rana A, Tiwari A (2016) Sustainable utilization of granite cutting waste in high strength concrete. J Cleaner Prod 116:223–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.110
Sivakumar S, Kameshwari B (2015) Influence of fly ash, bottom ash, and light expanded clay aggregate on concrete. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2015:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/849274
Sobuz HR, Hasan NM, Tamanna N, Islam MS (2014) Structural lightweight concrete production by using oil palm shell. J Mater 2014:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/870247
Sravya YL, Manoj T, Seshagiri Rao M (2021) Effect of temperature curing on lightweight expanded clay aggregate concrete. Mater Today: Proc 38:3386–3391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.568
Srivastava A, Singh S (2020) Utilization of alternative sand for preparation of sustainable mortar: a review. J Cleaner Prod 253:119706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119706
Srivastava A, Singh SK, Sharma CS (2021) Correlation between ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and compressive strength of coal bottom ash mortar. J Inst Eng (India): Ser A 102(2):421–433. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-021-00521-4
Suad Al-Bahar Bogahawatta VTL (2006) Development of lightweight aggregate in Kuwait. Arab J Sci Eng 31(1C):231–239
Suzuki M, Meddah MS, Sato R (2009) Use of porous ceramic waste aggregates for internal curing of high-performance concrete. Cem Concr Res 39(5):373–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.01.007
Swamynadh V, Muthumani K (2018) Properties of structural lightweight concrete containing treated oil palm shell as coarse aggregate. Asian J Civ Eng 19(6):673–678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-018-0057-9
Teo D, Mannan M, Kurian V, Ganapathy C (2007) Lightweight concrete made from oil palm shell (OPS): Structural bond and durability properties. Build Environ 42(7):2614–2621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.06.013
Thong CC, Lee Teo DC, Ng CK (2017) Durability characteristics of polyvinyl alcohol–treated oil palm shell concrete. J Mater Civ Eng 29(10):04017200. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002066
Thong CC, Teo DC, Ng CK (2015) Chloride penetration profile of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) treated oil palm shell (OPS) concrete. CONCREEP, 10. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784479346.135
Ting TZ, Rahman ME, Lau HH (2020) Sustainable lightweight self-compacting concrete using oil palm shell and fly ash. Constr Build Mater 264:120590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120590
Tong XC (2010) Characterization methodologies of thermal management materials. Adv Mater Therm Manage Electron Packag 59–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7759-5_2
Torralvo FA, Pereira CF, Piqueras OF (2017). By-products from the integrated gas combined cycle in IGCC systems. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Technologies, pp 465–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-100167-7.00014-7
Traore YB, Messan A, Hannawi K, Gerard J, Prince W, Tsobnang F (2018) Effect of oil palm shell treatment on the physical and mechanical properties of lightweight concrete. Constr Build Mater 161:452–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.155
Van der Wegen G, Bijen J (1985) Properties of concrete made with three types of artificial PFA coarse aggregates. Int J Cem Compos Lightweight Concr 7(3):159–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/0262-5075(85)90003-x
Vandanapu S, Muthumani K (2019) Heat of hydration and alkali- Silicate reaction in oil palm shell structural lightweight concrete. SILICON 12(5):1043–1049. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-019-00202-9
Wasserman R, Bentur A (1997) Effect of lightweight fly ash aggregate microstructure on the strength of concretes. Cem Concr Res 27(4):525–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8846(97)00019-7
Widodo S, Satyarno I, Tudjono S (2014) Experimental study on the potential use of pumice breccia as coarse aggregate in structural lightweight concrete. Int J Sustain Constr Eng Technol 5(1):1–8
Wongsa A, Sata V, Nuaklong P, Chindaprasirt P (2018) Use of crushed clay brick and pumice aggregates in lightweight geopolymer concrete. Constr Build Mater 188:1025–1034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.176
Yap SP, Alengaram UJ, Jumaat MZ (2015) The effect of aspect ratio and volume fraction on mechanical properties of steel fibre-reinforced oil palm shell concrete. J Civ Eng Manage 22(2):168–177. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.897970
Yaşar E, Erdoğan Y (2008) Strength and thermal conductivity in lightweight building materials. Bull Eng Geol Environ 67(4):513–519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-008-0166-x
Yew MK, Mahmud HB, Ang BC, Yew MC (2015a) Influence of different types of polypropylene fibre on the mechanical properties of high-strength oil palm shell lightweight concrete. Constr Build Mater 90:36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.04.024
Yew MK, Mahmud HB, Shafigh P, Ang BC, Yew MC (2015b) Effects of polypropylene twisted bundle fibers on the mechanical properties of high-strength oil palm shell lightweight concrete. Mater Struct 49(4):1221–1233. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0572-z
Youm K, Moon J, Cho J, Kim JJ (2016) Experimental study on strength and durability of lightweight aggregate concrete containing silica fume. Constr Build Mater 114:517–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.165
Youssf O, Hassanli R, Mills JE, Abd Elrahman M (2018) An experimental investigation of the mechanical performance and structural application of LECA-rubcrete. Constr Build Mater 175:239–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.184
Zendehzaban M, Sharifnia S, Hosseini SN (2013) Photocatalytic degradation of ammonia by light expanded clay aggregate (leca)-coating of TiO2 nanoparticles. Korean J Chem Eng 30(3):574–579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-012-0212-z
Zhu C, Niu J, Li J, Wan C, Peng J (2017) Effect of aggregate saturation degree on the freeze–thaw resistance of high performance polypropylene fiber lightweight aggregate concrete. Constr Build Mater 145:367–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.039
Acknowledgements
The financial support from “The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), New Delhi, Government of India” is gratefully acknowledged (File Number: 19/45/2018/RE; Project No.: GAP0090). The authors would like to express their gratitude to Mr. Ishan Bhandari and Mr. Nikhil Nighot for their assistance during referencing the journal articles.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
We declare that there is no potential conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kumar, R., Srivastava, A. Influence of Lightweight Aggregates and Supplementary Cementitious Materials on the Properties of Lightweight Aggregate Concretes. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Civ Eng 47, 663–689 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-022-00935-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-022-00935-5