Abstract
Good workability of fresh high-performance concrete (HPC) is a key importance to achieve excellent mechanical and durability performance of the hardened HPC. To reduce the negative impact of the workability reduction on fresh HPC mixture, the effect of different replacement ratios of fly ash (FA), sand ratio, and water-to-cement ratio on the workability loss of HPC was studied through the response surface methodology (RSM) with Design Expert 8.0 software. According to regression and variance analysis, the consistent RSM model of HPC was established and optimized. More importantly, the frost resistance of HPC was tested in this study, since the cold weather and severe rapid temperature change all year in Northeast China. The results showed that the predict models demonstrated a close correlation between variables and responses. By selecting the optimization result via using the model, the optimized proportion of the sand ratio, the water–cement ratio, and content of FA (slag) was obtained as 0.38–0.396, 0.345, and 22–24% (18–16%), respectively. The deviations between the experimental value and the theoretical prediction value were less than 4%, which indicated that the actual loss of workability of the HPC was accurately calculated with the response surface method. All specimens met the engineering requirements and possessed high compressive strength after 300 freeze–thaw cycles.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aïtcin PC (2003) The durability characteristics of high performance concrete: a review. Cem Concr Compos 25:409–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00081-1
Almuwbber O, Haldenwang R, Mbasha W, Masalova I (2018) The influence of variation in cement characteristics on workability and strength of SCC with fly ash and slag additions. Constr Build Mater 160:258–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.039
Aldahdooh MAA, Muhamad Bunnori N, Megat Johari MA (2013) Evaluation of ultra-high-performance-fiber reinforced concrete binder content using the response surface method. Mater Eng 52:957–965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.06.034
Ardalan RB, Joshaghani A, Hooton RD (2017) Workability retention and compressive strength of self-compacting concrete incorporating pumice powder and silica fume. Constr Build Mater 134:116–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.090
AzariJafari H, Kazemian A, Ahmadi B, Berenjian J, Shekarchi M (2014) Studying effects of chemical admixtures on the workability retention of zeolitic Portland cement mortar. Constr Build Mater 72:262–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.020
Barrak ME, Mouret M, Bascoul A (2009) Self-compacting concrete paste constituents: hierarchical classification of their influence on flow properties of the paste. Cem Concr Compos 31:12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.10.002
Busari AA, Kupolati WK, Ndambuki JM, Sadiku ER, Snyman J, Tolulope L, Keren O, Oluwaseun A (2021) Response surface analysis of the corrosion effect of metakaolin in reinforced concrete. Silicon-Neth 13:2053–2061. https://doi.org/10.1016/s12633-020-00587-y
Cai L, Wang H, Fu Y (2013) Freeze–thaw resistance of alkali–slag concrete based on response surface methodology. Constr Build Mater 49:70–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.07.045
Cao G, Li Z (2017) Numerical flow simulation of fresh concrete with viscous granular material model and smoothed particle hydrodynamics. Cem Concr Res 100:263–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.07.005
Cwirzen A, Penttala V (2005) Aggregate–cement paste transition zone properties affecting the salt-frost damage of high-performance concretes. Cem Concr Res 35:671–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.06.009
Deja J (2003) Freezing and de-icing salt resistance of blast furnace slag concrete. Cem Concr Compos 25:357–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00052-5
EL-Chabib H, Ibrahim A (2013) The performance of high-strength flowable concrete made with binary, ternary, or quaternary binder in a hot climate. Constr Build Mater 47:245–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.062
Ferdosian I, Camões A (2017) Eco-efficient ultra-high performance concrete development by means of response surface methodology. Cem Concr Compos 84:146–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.08.019
Gooi S, Mousa AA, Kong D (2020) A critical review and gap analysis on the use of coal bottom ash as a substitute constituent in concrete. J Clean Prod 268:121752. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121752
Hadi MNS, Zhang H, Parkinson S (2019) Optimum mix design of geopolymer pastes and concretes cured in ambient condition based on compressive strength, setting time and workability. J Build Eng 23:301–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.02.006
Hameed M, AlOmar MK, Baniya WJ, AlSaadi MA (2021) Prediction of high-strength concrete: high-order response surface methodology modeling approach. Eng Comput-Germany. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.1007/s00366-021-01284-z
Haque M, Ray S, Mita AF, Bhattacharjee S, Shams MJB (2021) Prediction and optimization of the fresh and hardened properties of concrete containing rice husk ash and glass fiber using response surface methodology. Case Stud Constr Mater 14(505):1. https://doi.org/10.1016/0.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00505
Hoseok J, Seong-Jik P, Seong-Jik K (2022) Response surface methodology to investigate the effects of operational parameters on membrane fouling and organic matter rejection in hard-shell encased hollow-fiber membrane. Chemosphere 287:132132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132132
Khan A, Do J, Kim D (2016) Cost effective optimal mix proportioning of high strength self compacting concrete using response surface methodology. Cem Concr Compos 17:629–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.12989/cac.2016.17.5.629
Khan MI, Sutanto MH, Napiah MB, Khan K, Rafiq W (2021) Design optimization and statistical modeling of cementitious grout containing irradiated plastic waste and silica fume using response surface methodology. Constr Build Mater 271:121504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121504
Kurad R, Silvestre JD, Brito J, Ahmed H (2017) Effect of incorporation of high volume of recycled concrete aggregates and fly ash on the strength and global warming potential of concrete. J Clean Prod 166:485–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.236
Li Q, Cai L, Fu Y, Wang H, Zou Y (2015) Fracture properties and response surface methodology model of alkali-slag concrete under freeze–thaw cycles. Constr Build Mater 93:620–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.037
Li Z, Cao G, Tan Y (2016) Prediction of time-dependent flow behaviors of fresh concrete. Constr Build Mater 125:510–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.049
Li B, Mao J, Shen W, Liu H, Liu X, Xu G (2019) Mesoscopic cracking model of cement-based materials subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Constr Build Mater 211:1050–1064. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.266
Li MY, Liu Y, Han JG, Yan PY (2020) Influences of sand ratio and paste aggregate ratio onfresh properties of high-fluidity concrete. J Chin Ceram Soc 48:1107–1113. https://doi.org/10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20190566
Li Z, Lu D, Gao X (2020) Multi-objective optimization of gap-graded cement paste blended with supplementary cementitious materials using response surface methodology. Constr Build Mater 248:118552. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118552
Li Z, Lu D, Gao X (2021) Optimization of mixture proportions by statistical experimental design using response surface method—a review. J Build Eng 36:102101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.102101
Lin W (2020) Effects of sand/aggregate ratio on strength, durability, and microstructure of self-compacting concrete. Constr Build Mater 242:118046. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118046
Luan CQ, Zhou Y, Liu YY, Ren ZC, Wang JB, Yuan LW, Du S, Zhou ZH, Huang YB (2022) Effects of nano-SiO2, nano-CaCO3 and nano-TiO2 on properties and microstructure of the high content calcium silicate phase cement (HCSC). Constr Build Mater 314:125377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125377
Luo Z, Li W, Wang K, Castel A, Shah SP (2021) Comparison on the properties of ITZs in fly ash-based geopolymer and Portland cement concretes with equivalent flowability. Cem Concr Res 143:106392. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106392
Micah Hale W, Freyne SF, Russell BW (2009) Examining the frost resistance of high performance concrete. Constr Build Mater 23:878–888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.04.006
Meng C, Li W, Cai L, Shi X, Jiang C (2020) Experimental research on durability of high-performance synthetic fibers reinforced concrete: resistance to sulfate attack and freezing-thawing. Constr Build Mater 262:120055. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120055
Mustapha FA, Sulaiman A, Mohamed RN, Umara SA (2021) The effect of fly ash and silica fume on self-compacting high-performance concrete. Mater Today Proc 39:965–969. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.493
Salhi M, Ghrici M, Bilir T, Uysal M (2020) Combined effect of temperature and time on the flow properties of self-compacting concrete. Constr Build Mater 240:117914. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117914
Shah HA, Yuan Q, Zuo S (2021) Air entrainment in fresh concrete and its effects on hardened concrete—a review. Constr Build Mater 274:121835. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121835
Sharifi E, Sadjadi SJ, Aliha MRM, Moniri A (2020) Optimization of high-strength self-consolidating concrete mix design using an improved Taguchi optimization method. Constr Build Mater 236:117547. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117547
Singh M, Siddique R (2016) Effect of coal bottom ash as partial replacement of sand on workability and strength properties of concrete. J Clean Prod 112:620–630. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.001
Sičáková A, Urbán K, Kováč M (2015) Slump loss of concrete based on RCA and prepared by specific mixing approach. Period Polytech Civ Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.3311/PPci.11733
Sun Y, Yu R, Shui Z, Wang X, Qian D, Rao B, Huang J, He Y (2019) Understanding the porous aggregates carrier effect on reducing autogenous shrinkage of Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) based on response surface method. Constr Build Mater 222:130–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.151
Wang L, Ai H (2002) Calculation of sand–aggregate ratio and water dosage of ordinary concrete. Cem Concr Res 32:431–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00696-2
Wang D, Zhou X, Fu B, Zhang L (2018) Chloride ion penetration resistance of concrete containing fly ash and silica fume against combined freezing-thawing and chloride attack. Constr Build Mater 169:740–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.038
Wang L, Guo F, Lin Y, Yang H, Tang SW (2020a) Comparison between the effects of phosphorous slag and fly ash on the C–S–H structure, long-term hydration heat and volume deformation of cement-based materials. Constr Build Mater 250:118807. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118807
Wang N, Sun X, Zhao Q, Yang Y, Wang P (2020b) Leachability and adverse effects of coal fly ash: a review. J Hazard Mater 39:6122725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122725
Xie J, Wang J, Rao R, Wang C, Fang C (2019) Effects of combined usage of GGBS and fly ash on workability and mechanical properties of alkali activated geopolymer concrete with recycled aggregate. Compos B Eng 164:179–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.11.067
Yin W, Li X, Sun T, Wang J, Chen Y, Yan G (2020) Experimental investigation on the mechanical and rheological properties of high-performance concrete (HPC) incorporating sinking bead. Constr Build Mater 243:118293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118293
Zarei A, Rooholamini H, Ozbakkaloglu T (2021) Evaluating the properties of concrete pavements containing crumb rubber and recycled steel fibers using response surface methodology. Int J Pavement Res Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.1007/s42947-021-00049-7
Zhang Q, Feng X, Chen X, Lu K (2020a) Mix design for recycled aggregate pervious concrete based on response surface methodology. Constr Build Mater 259:119776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119776
Zhang W, Pi Y, Kong W, Zhang Y, Wu P, Zeng W, Yang F (2020b) Influence of damage degree on the degradation of concrete under freezing-thawing cycles. Constr Build Mater 260:119903. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119903
Acknowledgements
This research work has been made possible thanks to financing from National Natural Science Foundation of China (51872120), National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2017YFB0309905), National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program) of China (863 program) (2015AA034701), 111 project of international corporation on Advanced cement-based Materials (No. D17001).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Luan, C., Zhou, M., Zhou, T. et al. Optimizing the Design Proportion of High-Performance Concrete via Using Response Surface Method. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Civ Eng 46, 2907–2921 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00802-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00802-9