Abstract
The design and dimensioning of pile cap is a challenging task depending upon shape and thickness of cap, soil strata, pile dimension and their locations in plan. A pile cap is a reinforced concrete structural rigid slab, which distributes column forces to a group of individual piles as per rivet formula. The main assumption in rivet formula is that the pile cap should be rigid enough to distribute load uniformly. Most of the pile cap are designed by short-cut or thumb rule procedures for spacing of piles, thickness of pile cap and minimum edge distance of pile cap from pile center or edge. In the present paper, finite element analysis of pile cap is performed to capture the behavior of pile cap under axial load and moment. The focus of this study is to find adequacy of the clear edge distance for pile cap, as there are very few guidelines available. In case of minimum clear edge distance, a large amount of tensile stresses are developed at edge of pile cap, which may not acceptable. It is observed that providing 100 mm or 150 mm or 250 mm as clear edge distance suggested by most of the codes is inappropriate. However, it should be at least half of the diameter of pile used to accommodate the stresses developed at the edge as proposed in this paper depending upon the mathematical model of structure. Moreover, the proposed suggestions are well agreement with the experimental results.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AASHTO A (2014) T22-14 Standard Method of Test for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials
ACI Committee (ACI 318-11) American Concrete Institute and International Organization for Standardization (2011) Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary. American Concrete Institute, USA
Adebar P, Zhou Z (1996) Design of deep pile caps by strut-and-tie models. ACI Struct J 93(4):437–448
Adebar P, Kuchma D, Collins MP (1990) Strut-and-tie models for the design of pile caps: an experimental study. ACI Struct J 87(1):81–92
American Concrete Institute (ACI 543R-00) (2000) Design, manufacture, and installation of concrete piles. American Concrete Institute, Michigan, USA
ASCE 20 (1997) Standard guidelines for the design and installation of pile foundations. ASCE standard 20–96. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA
Blévot JL, Frémy R (1967) Semelles sur Pieux. Institute Technique du Bâtiment et des Travaux Publics 20(230):223–295
Bowles LE (1996) Foundation analysis and design, 5th edn. McGraw-hill, Singapore
British Standards Institution (2004) Eurocode 2: design of concrete structures: Part 1-1: general rules and rules for buildings. British Standards Institution, Brussels
BS8004 (2004) Code of practice for foundations. British Standard Institution, Milton Keynes
BS8110 (1997) Code of practice for design and construction Part 1. British Standards Institution, London
Cook RD (2007) Concepts and applications of finite element analysis. Wiley, New York
CSA A23.3-04 (2004) Technical Committee. Reinforced concrete design. Design of concrete structures. Canadian Standards Association, Rexdale, ON
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute Design Handbook (2008) Based upon the 2008 ACI BUILDING CODE, 10th edn, Schaumburg, Illinois
FEMA P751 (2012) NEHRP recommended seismic provisions: Design examples. Building Seismic Safety Council, Washington, DC
Guo WD (2012) Theory and practice of pile foundations. CRC Press, London
IBC I (2012) International Code Council. International Building Code. International Code Council: Washington, DC
IS: 2911–2010 (2010) Code of practice for design and construction of pile foundation. BIS, New Delhi
IS456-2000 (2000), Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete-Code of Practice (fourth revision), Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
New Zealand Standard NZS 3101 (2006) Concrete structures standard. The design of concrete structures. Wellington
Pender MJ (1978) Aseismic pile foundation design analysis. Bull N Z Natl Soc Earthq Eng 11(2):49–160
Poulos HG (1971) Behavior of laterally loaded piles: I—single piles. Proc Am Soc Civ Eng 97(SM5):711–731 (Elastic Continuum Concept)
Rajapakse RA (2016) Pile design and construction rules of thumb. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford
Rao NK (2010) Foundation design: theory and practice, 1st edn. Wiley, New York
Regan PE (1971) Shear in reinforced concrete—an analytical study. Construction Industry Research and Information Association, Imperial College, London
Reynolds CE, Steedman JC, Threlfall AJ (2007) Reinforced concrete designer’s handbook, 11th edn. CRC Press, New York
Suzuki K, Otsuki K (2002) Experimental study on corner shear failure of pile caps. Jpn Trans Concrete Inst 23:303–310
Suzuki K, Otsuki K, Tsubata T (1998) Influence of bar arrangement on ultimate strength of four-pile caps. Jpn Trans Concrete Inst 20:195–202
Suzuki K, Otsuki K, Tsubata T (1999) Experimental study on four-pile caps with taper. Jpn Trans Concrete Inst 21:327–334
Suzuki K, Otsuki K, Tsuhiya T (2000) Influence of edge distance on failure mechanism of pile caps. Jpn Trans Concrete Inst 22:361–367
Tomlinson M, Woodward J (2014) Pile design and construction practice. CRC Press, New York
Varghese PC (2005) Foundation engineering. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
Vesic AS (1961a) Bending of beams resting on isotropic elastic solid. J Eng Mech Div ASCE 87(EM 2):35–53
Vesic AS (1961b) Beams on elastic subgrade and the Winkler’s hypothesis. In: 5th ICSMFE, vol 1, pp 845–850
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Magade, S.B., Ingle, R.K. Influence of Clear Edge Distance and Spacing of Piles on Failure of Pile Cap. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Civ Eng 44, 1265–1281 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-019-00285-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-019-00285-9