Abstract
In this paper, we evaluate the Faltings height of an elliptic curve with complex multiplication by an order in an imaginary quadratic field in terms of Euler’s Gamma function at rational arguments.
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1 Background
In the Seminar Bourbaki article [5], Deligne used the Chowla–Selberg formula [2] to evaluate the stable Faltings height of an elliptic curve with complex multiplication by the ring of integers \(\mathcal {O}_K\) of an imaginary quadratic field K in terms of Euler’s Gamma function \(\Gamma (s)\) at rational arguments. He then used this result to calculate the minimum value attained by the stable Faltings height. In this paper, we will establish a similar formula for both the unstable and stable Faltings height of an elliptic curve with complex multiplication by any order in K (not necessarily maximal). We illustrate these results by explicitly evaluating the Faltings height of an elliptic curve over \(\mathbb {Q}\) with complex multiplication by a non-maximal order (see Sect. 2).
We begin by recalling the definition of the (unstable) Faltings height of an elliptic curve, following ([12], Chapter IV, Sect. 6). Let L be a number field with ring of integers \(\mathcal {O}_L\). Let E / L be an elliptic curve over L, and let \(\mathcal {E}/\mathcal {O}_L\) be a Néron model for E / L. Let \(\Omega _{\mathcal {E}/\mathcal {O}_L}\) be the sheaf of Néron differentials, and let \(s^{*}\Omega _{\mathcal {E}/\mathcal {O}_L}\) be the pullback by the zero section \(s : \text {Spec}(\mathcal {O}_L) \rightarrow \mathcal {E}\). Choose a differential \(\omega \in H^0(E/L, \Omega _{E/L})\). Then the Faltings height of E / L is defined by
The definition of the Faltings height given here is normalized as in Silverman [16] (who in turn uses the same normalization as Faltings [6, p. 14]).
To state our main results, we fix the following notation. Let K be an imaginary quadratic field of discriminant D with ideal class group \(\text {Cl}(D)\), unit group \(\mathcal {O}_K^{\times }\), and Kronecker symbol \(\chi _D\). Let \(h(D)=\#\text {Cl}(D)\) be the class number and \(w_D=\# \mathcal {O}_K^{\times }\) be the number of units. For an elliptic curve E / L, let \(\Delta _{E/L}\) be the minimal discriminant ideal and j(E) be the j-invariant.
Theorem 1.1
Let E / L be an elliptic curve with complex multiplication by an order \(\mathcal {O}_f \subset K\) of conductor \(f \in \mathbb {Z}^{+}\) and discriminant \(\Delta _f=f^2D\). Assume that the coefficients of the Weierstrass equation for E / L are contained in \(\mathbb {Q}(j(E))\). Then the Faltings height of E / L is given by
where
Remark 1.2
Our assumption that the coefficients of the Weierstrass equation for E / L be contained in \(\mathbb {Q}(j(E))\) is used crucially in the proof of Proposition 6.1, which is an important component in the proof of Theorem 1.1. This hypothesis can be removed if we instead work with the stable Faltings height, which we do in Theorem 1.3.
If \(L^{\prime }\) is a finite extension of L, then it is not necessarily true that \(h_{\text {Fal}}(E/L)=h_{\text {Fal}}(E/L^{\prime })\). However, if an elliptic curve over a number field has everywhere semistable reduction, then the Faltings height is invariant under finite field extensions. This leads one to define the stable Faltings height of E / L by
where \(L^{\prime }\) is any finite extension of L such that \(E/L^{\prime }\) has everywhere semistable reduction.
Theorem 1.3
Let E / L be an elliptic curve with complex multiplication by an order \(\mathcal {O}_f \subset K\) of conductor \(f \in \mathbb {Z}^{+}\) and discriminant \(\Delta _f=f^2D\). Then the stable Faltings height of E / L is given by
Remark 1.4
We now briefly explain how Theorem 1.3 can be used to recover Deligne’s evaluation of the stable Faltings height in the case that E / L has complex multiplication by the maximal order \(\mathcal {O}_K\) in K. Since \(\mathcal {O}_K\) has conductor \(f = 1\), by Theorem 1.3 we have
Now, Deligne [5, p. 27] defined a different normalization of the stable Faltings height which he called the geometric height of E and denoted by \(h_{\text {geom}}(E)\). It can be shown that
Deligne [5, p. 29] then observed that the Chowla–Selberg formula [2] can be used to establish the identity
By substituting the evaluation of \(h^{\text {stab}}_{\text {Fal}}(E/L)\) from (1.1) into (1.2), we recover Deligne’s result (1.3).
An important component in the proof of Theorem 1.1 is a Chowla–Selberg formula for any order in K. An arithmetic-geometric proof of such a formula was given by Nakkajima and Taguchi [13] by employing a theorem of Faltings which relates the Faltings heights of two isogenous abelian varieties. Kaneko briefly outlined an analytic approach to the same formula in the research announcement [7]. Here we give a detailed analytic proof of a Chowla–Selberg formula for orders in K. This proof is based on a renormalized Kronecker limit formula for the non-holomorphic Eisenstein series on \(SL_2(\mathbb {Z})\), a period formula which relates the zeta function of an order in K to values of the Eisenstein series at CM points corresponding to classes in the ideal class group of the order, and a factorization of the zeta function of an order given by Zagier [19], and in an equivalent but different form by Kaneko [7].
2 Examples
In this section, we use Theorems 1.1 and 1.3, and SageMath [14] to evaluate the unstable and stable Faltings height of an elliptic curve over \(\mathbb {Q}\) with complex multiplication by a non-maximal order.
Example 2.1
Let \(K = \mathbb {Q}(\sqrt{-7})\) be the imaginary quadratic field of discriminant \(D = -7\). Let \(\mathcal {O}_K = \mathbb {Z}\left[ \frac{1 + \sqrt{-7}}{2}\right] \) be the ring of integers, and let
be the order of conductor \(f = 2\) in K. Let \(A = 255\) and consider the elliptic curve (see [8, Eq. (2.2)])
The elliptic curve \(E_A/\mathbb {Q}\) has complex multiplication by the non-maximal order \(\mathcal {O}_2\) and the minimal discriminant ideal is
Moreover, the j-invariant of \(E_A/\mathbb {Q}\) is \(j = A^3 = 255^3\).
We now use Theorems 1.1 and 1.3 to evaluate the unstable and stable Faltings height of \(E_A/\mathbb {Q}\).
Since the discriminant of K is \(D = -7\) and the conductor of the order \(\mathcal {O}_2\) is \(f = 2\), we have \(\Delta _2 = -28\). Also, \(w_{-7} = 2\) and \(h(-7) = 1\). The Kronecker symbol values are \(\chi _{-7}(k) = 1\) for \(k = 1, 2, 4\) and \(\chi _{-7}(k) = -1\) for \(k = 3, 5, 6\). The only prime p|f is \(p = 2\), and we have
Then since the Weierstrass equation defining \(E_A/\mathbb {Q}\) has coefficients in \(\mathbb {Q}(j) = \mathbb {Q}\), by Theorem 1.1 the Faltings height of \(E_A/\mathbb {Q}\) is given by
After further simplification, we get
Similarly, using the preceding computations, by Theorem 1.3 the stable Faltings height of \(E_A/\mathbb {Q}\) is given by
Numerically, the values of the Faltings heights computed above are \(h_{\text {Fal}}(E_A/\mathbb {Q}) \approx 1.56896083514163\) and \(h_{\text {Fal}}^{\text {stab}}(E_A/\mathbb {Q}) \approx -0.939042336039478\).
Now, let \(L = \mathbb {Q}(\sqrt{7})\) and
Let \(E_A/L\) denote the base change of \(E_A/\mathbb {Q}\) to L (given by the same Weierstrass equation). Then the quartic twist of \(E_A/\mathbb {Q}\) by u is the elliptic curveFootnote 1
over the quartic number field \(L(\sqrt{u}) = \mathbb {Q}(\sqrt{1197 - 456\sqrt{7}})\). Note that the quartic twist \(E_A^u/L(\sqrt{u})\) of \(E_A/\mathbb {Q}\) is precisely the quadratic twist by \(u = 1197 - 456\sqrt{7}\) of the base change \(E_A/L\).
The minimal discriminant ideal of \(E_A^u/L(\sqrt{u})\) is
hence the quartic twist \(E_A^u/L(\sqrt{u})\) has everywhere good reduction. It follows that the stable Faltings height of \(E_A/\mathbb {Q}\) is given by
However, since the coefficients of the Weierstrass equation of \(E_A^u/L(\sqrt{u})\) are not contained in \(\mathbb {Q}(j) = \mathbb {Q}\), we cannot apply Theorem 1.1 directly to evaluate the Faltings height of \(E_A^u/L(\sqrt{u})\). This demonstrates the usefulness of Theorem 1.3 in evaluating the stable Faltings height of a CM elliptic curve.
3 The Kronecker limit formula
In this section, we briefly recall a renormalized version of the Kronecker (first) limit formula. Let \({\mathbb H}\) denote the complex upper half-plane and define the group
Then the non-holomorphic Eisenstein series on \(SL_2(\mathbb {Z})\) is defined by
The Eisenstein series has the well-known Fourier expansion (see e.g. [9, Theorem 9.9 (2), p. 32])
where \(\Gamma (s)\) is Euler’s Gamma function, \(\zeta (s)\) is the Riemann zeta function, \(\sigma _k(n):=\sum _{\ell | n}\ell ^k\) is the k-divisor function, and \(K_\nu \) is the K-Bessel function of order \(\nu \). The Fourier expansion shows that E(z, s) extends to a meromorphic function on \(\mathbb {C}\) with a simple pole at \(s=1\).
Let \(s \mapsto (s+1)/2\) in the Fourier expansion of E(z, s) and calculate the Taylor expansion of the shifted Eisenstein series \(E(z,(s+1)/2)\) at \(s=-1\) to get
Now, recall that the Dedekind eta function is the weight 1 / 2 modular form for \(SL_2(\mathbb {Z})\) defined by the infinite product
Then using the identity (see e.g. [10, p. 274])
one gets the following renormalized version of the Kronecker limit formula,
where F(z) is the \(SL_2(\mathbb {Z})\)-invariant function defined by
4 Zeta functions of orders and CM values of Eisenstein series
In this section, we relate the zeta function of an order in an imaginary quadratic field to values of the Eisenstein series E(z, s) at CM points corresponding to classes in the ideal class group of the order.
We begin by recalling some facts regarding orders in imaginary quadratic fields (see e.g. Cox [3, Sect. 7]). Let K be an imaginary quadratic field of discriminant D. Given \(f \in \mathbb {Z}^{+}\), let \(\mathcal {O}_f\) be the (unique) order of conductor f in K. A fractional \(\mathcal {O}_f\)-ideal \(\mathfrak {a}\) is a subset of K which is a non-zero finitely generated \(\mathcal {O}_f\)-module. A fractional \(\mathcal {O}_f\)-ideal \(\mathfrak {a}\) is proper if
It is known that a fractional \(\mathcal {O}_f\)-ideal is invertible if and only if it is proper (see [3, Proposition 7.4]). Accordingly, let \(I(\mathcal {O}_f)\) be the group of proper fractional \(\mathcal {O}_f\)-ideals, and let \(P(\mathcal {O}_f)\) be the subgroup of \(I(\mathcal {O}_f)\) consisting of principal fractional \(\mathcal {O}_f\)-ideals. The ideal class group of \(\mathcal {O}_f\) is defined as the quotient group
Let \(h(\mathcal {O}_f)=\#{\text {Cl}}(\mathcal {O}_f)\) be the class number of \(\mathcal {O}_f\).
The Dedekind zeta function of \(\mathcal {O}_f\) is defined by
Similarly, given an ideal class \(A \in {\text {Cl}}(\mathcal {O}_f)\), we define the ideal class zeta function by
Then we have the decomposition
Now, the discriminant of \(\mathcal {O}_f\) is given by \(\Delta _f= f^2D\). By [3, Theorem 7.7], we may choose a proper integral ideal \(\mathfrak {a} \in A\) with
where \([a,b,c](X,Y)=aX^2+bXY+cY^2\) is a quadratic form of discriminant \(b^2-4ac=\Delta _f\) with \((a,b,c)=1\) and \(a=N(\mathfrak {a})>0\).
For \(\alpha \in K\), let \(\alpha '\) denote the image of \(\alpha \) under the nontrivial automorphism of K. Then
Moreover, by [3, Eq. (7.6)] we have \(\mathfrak {a}^{-1} =\frac{1}{a}\mathfrak {a}'\), and thus
where
is the root in the complex upper half-plane of the dehomogenized form \([a,-b,c](X,1)=aX^2 - bX + c\).
Let \(\mathcal {O}^{\times }_f\) be the group of units in \(\mathcal {O}_f\), and let \(w_f=\# \mathcal {O}^{\times }_f\).
Proposition 4.1
With notation as above, we have
We will need the following lemma.
Lemma 4.2
Let \(\mathfrak {a}\) be a proper fractional \(\mathcal {O}_f\)-ideal. Then the map
defined by \(\phi ([\alpha ])= \alpha \mathfrak {a}\) is a bijection.
Proof
We first prove that the map \(\phi \) is well-defined. Observe that if \(\alpha \in \mathfrak {a}^{-1}\), then \(\alpha \mathfrak {a} \subseteq \mathcal {O}_f\) since \(\mathfrak {a}^{-1}\mathfrak {a}=\mathcal {O}_f\). Next, observe that if \([\alpha ] = [\beta ]\), then \(\alpha =\beta u\) for some unit \(u \in \mathcal {O}_f^{\times }\). It follows that \(\alpha \mathcal {O}_f =\beta u\mathcal {O}_f=\beta \mathcal {O}_f\), and hence \(\alpha \mathfrak {a}=\beta \mathfrak {a}\).
To prove that \(\phi \) is injective, suppose that \(\alpha \mathfrak {a}=\beta \mathfrak {a}\). Then \(\alpha \mathfrak {a} \mathfrak {a}^{-1}=\beta \mathfrak {a}\mathfrak {a}^{-1}\), which implies that \(\alpha \mathcal {O}_f =\beta \mathcal {O}_f\), or equivalently, that \([\alpha ] = [\beta ]\).
To prove that \(\phi \) is surjective, suppose that \(I \in [{\mathfrak {a}}]\) with \(I \subset \mathcal {O}_f\). Then \(I=\alpha \mathfrak {a}\) for some \(\alpha \in K^{\times }\), or equivalently, \(I\mathfrak {a}^{-1}=\alpha \mathcal {O}_f\). Since I is integral, we have \(I\mathfrak {a}^{-1} \subset \mathfrak {a}^{-1}\), so that \(\alpha \in \mathfrak {a}^{-1}\). Then \([\alpha ] \in (\mathfrak {a}^{-1}\setminus \{0\})/\mathcal {O}_f^{\times }\) with \(\phi ([\alpha ])=\alpha \mathfrak {a}=I\). \(\square \)
We now prove Proposition 4.1.
Proof of Proposition 4.1
Using Lemmas (4.2) and (4.1), we get
where for the last equality we used the following well-known identity (see e.g. [4, Proposition 2.7.6 (a), p. 55])
\(\square \)
5 A Chowla–Selberg formula for imaginary quadratic orders
In this section, we will prove the following result.
Theorem 5.1
With notation as in Sect. 4, we have
where F(z) is defined by (3.2), \(z_{{\mathfrak {a}}^{-1}}\) is a CM point as in (4.1), and
Before proving Theorem 5.1, we illustrate how it can be used to evaluate the Dedekind eta function \(\eta (z)\) at CM points.
Example 5.2
Let \(K = \mathbb {Q}(i)\), and consider the order of conductor \(f = 2\) in K given by
Since the discriminant of K is \(D = -4\), the discriminant of \(\mathcal {O}_2\) is \(\Delta _2=2^2(-4)=-16\). Also, \(h(-4) = 1\) and \(w_{-4}=4\). We have \(h(\mathcal {O}_2)=1\), so that \({\text {Cl}}(\mathcal {O}_2)=\lbrace [\mathcal {O}_2]\rbrace \). Then since \(\mathcal {O}_2^{-1} = \mathcal {O}_2 = \mathbb {Z}+ \mathbb {Z}2i\), from (4.1) we can take \(z_{\mathcal {O}_2^{-1}} = 2i\) for the CM point. It follows that
On the other hand, we have
Therefore, by Theorem 5.1 we get
Now, the values of the Kronecker symbol are \(\chi _{-4}(1)=1, \chi _{-4}(2)=0, \chi _{-4}(3)=-1\), and \(\chi _{-4}(4)=0\). The only prime p|f is \(p = 2\), and we have
Then after expanding the product in (5.2), we get
Using the reflection formula
with \(z = 1/4\) yields
Then substituting in (5.3) gives
Finally, since \(\eta (2i)\) is a positive real number, we get
We used SageMath [14] to compute that both sides of (5.4) are \(\approx \)0.592382781332416, which serves as a numerical verification of Theorem 5.1.
Proof of Theorem 5.1
By Proposition 4.1, we have
Then summing over all ideal classes in \(\text {Cl}(\mathcal {O}_f)\) yields
For convenience, define the function
Then (5.5) can be written as
Now, using the Kronecker limit formula (3.1), we compare Taylor expansions at \(s=-1\) on both sides of (5.6) to get
or equivalently,
Therefore, we must evaluate \(g_{\mathcal {O}_f}^{\prime }(-1)\).
Our starting point is the factorization (see e.g. [1, Proposition 10.18 (2)])
where
We use this factorization to write
Now, a calculation with the product rule yields
To further simplify this identity, we note that
Then using Dirichlet’s class number formula
the identity (see e.g. [3, Theorem 7.24])
and \([\mathcal {O}_K^\times :\mathcal {O}_f^\times ]=w_D/w_f\), we get
It follows that
We now evaluate the logarithmic derivatives of \(\zeta (s)\), \(L(\chi _D,s)\), and \(L_f(s)\) at \(s=0\). Using the special values \(\zeta (0)=-1/2\) and \(\zeta '(0)=-\log (2\pi )/2\), we get
Next, consider the decomposition
where
is the Hurwitz zeta function. Lerch [11] proved that
We then substitute (5.12) into (5.11), differentiate, and use (5.8) to get
Finally, we evaluate the logarithmic derivative of \(L_f(s)\) at \(s=0\). For convenience, write
where
and \(H_p(s):=1-p^{1-2s}.\) Then
Now, we have
Hence
Also, \(H_p^{\prime }(s)=2\log (p)p^{1-2s}\) so that
From these calculations, we get
Then substituting (5.15) into (5.14) yields
where e(p) is defined by (5.1).
To complete the evaluation of \(g^{\prime }_{\mathcal {O}_f}(-1)\), we substitute (5.10), (5.13), and (5.16) into (5.9) and use \(|\Delta _f|=f^2|D|\) to get
or equivalently,
By (5.7), this completes the proof. \(\square \)
6 Faltings heights of CM elliptic curves
In this section, we will prove the following result which is based on Silverman [16, Proposition 1.1].
Proposition 6.1
Let E / L be an elliptic curve with complex multiplication by an order \(\mathcal {O}_f\) in an imaginary quadratic field K. Assume that the coefficients of the Weierstrass equation for E / L are contained in \(\mathbb {Q}(j(E))\). Then
where F(z) is defined by (3.2) and \(z_{{\mathfrak {a}}^{-1}}\) is a CM point as in (4.1).
Proof
Given \(\sigma \in \text {Hom}(L, \mathbb {C})\), let \(z_{\sigma } \in {\mathbb H}\) be a complex number such that
Moreover, let
be the discriminant function. Then Silverman [16, Proposition 1.1] proved that the Faltings height of E / L is given by
Note that
hence (6.2) can be written as
Now, write
Since E / L has coefficients in \(\mathbb {Q}(j(E))\), then for each fixed \(\tau \in \text {Hom}(\mathbb {Q}(j(E)), \mathbb {C})\) we can take the same point \(z_{\sigma } \in {\mathbb H}\) in the isomorphism (6.1) for all \(\sigma \in \text {Hom}(L, \mathbb {C})\) such that \(\sigma |_{\mathbb {Q}(j(E))}=\tau \). Therefore, if we let \(\sigma _{\tau } \in \text {Hom}(L, \mathbb {C})\) denote any of the \([L:\mathbb {Q}(j(E))]\) embeddings which extend \(\tau \in \text {Hom}(\mathbb {Q}(j(E)), \mathbb {C})\), then we have
By Shimura [15, Theorem 7.6], we have \([\mathbb {Q}(j(E)):\mathbb {Q}]=h(\mathcal {O}_f)\) and
Then for each \(\tau \in \text {Hom}(\mathbb {Q}(j(E)), \mathbb {C})\), there is a unique \([{\mathfrak {a}}] \in \text {Cl}(\mathcal {O}_f)\) such that \(E^{\sigma _{\tau }}(\mathbb {C}) \cong \mathbb {C}/{\mathfrak {a}}^{-1}\). Recalling that \({\mathfrak {a}}^{-1}=\mathbb {Z}+ \mathbb {Z}z_{{\mathfrak {a}}^{-1}}\) (see (4.1)), we get
hence the points \(z_{\sigma _{\tau }}\) and \(z_{{\mathfrak {a}}^{-1}}\) are \(SL_2(\mathbb {Z})\)-equivalent (see e.g. [17, Proposition I.4.4]). Since F(z) is \(SL_2(\mathbb {Z})\)-invariant, it follows that
Finally, the preceding calculations yield
which by (6.3) completes the proof. \(\square \)
7 Proofs of Theorem 1.1 and Theorem 1.3
In this section, we prove Theorems 1.1 and 1.3.
Proof of Theorem 1.1
By Proposition 6.1, we have
Moreover, by Theorem 5.1 we have
Then by substituting (7.2) into (7.1) and simplifying, we obtain Theorem 1.1. \(\square \)
Proof of Theorem 1.3
Since E / L has complex multiplication, the j-invariant j(E) is an algebraic integer. Hence by [18, Proposition VII.5.5], E / L has potential good reduction. Accordingly, let \(L^{\prime }/L\) be a finite extension such that \(E/L^{\prime }\) has everywhere good reduction. Now, by [18, Proposition III.1.4], there is a finite extension \(L^{\prime \prime }/L^{\prime }\) with \(\mathbb {Q}(j(E)) \subset L^{\prime \prime }\) and an elliptic curve \(E/L^{\prime \prime }\) such that \(E/L^{\prime \prime }\) is given by a Weierstrass equation with coefficients in \(\mathbb {Q}(j(E))\) and such that \(E/L^{\prime }\) is isomorphic to \(E/L^{\prime \prime }\). By the semistable reduction theorem [18], Proposition VII.5.4 (b)], the curve \(E/L^{\prime \prime }\) also has everywhere good reduction. Therefore we have \(\Delta _{E/L^{\prime \prime }} = \mathcal {O}_{L^{\prime \prime }}\). Finally, since \(N_{L^{\prime \prime }/\mathbb {Q}}(\Delta _{E/L^{\prime \prime }}) = 1\), then Theorem 1.3 follows by applying Theorem 1.1 to \(E/L^{\prime \prime }\) and observing that
\(\square \)
Notes
The elliptic curve \(E_A\) and its quartic twist \(E_A^{u}\) are taken from the third entry in [8, Table 3, p. 556].
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Matt Papanikolas for several helpful discussions, and the referee for many suggestions which greatly improved the paper. The authors were partially supported by the NSF Grants DMS-1162535 and DMS-1460766, and the University of Costa Rica, during the preparation of this work.
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Barquero-Sanchez, A., Cadwallader, L., Cannon, O. et al. Faltings heights of CM elliptic curves and special Gamma values. Res. number theory 3, 13 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40993-017-0077-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40993-017-0077-7