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Optimization of biogenic supplementary cementitious materials in concrete prepared from East-Indian Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) and poultry litter using response surface methodology

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Abstract

Developing construction materials from biomass and biowaste as a substitute for conventional cement has been receiving immense global interest in recent times, due to issues like greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (e.g. CO2), rapid depletion of non-renewable resources, and extensive energy consumption during cement production. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) like fly ash, slag, and natural pozzolans can substitute conventional cement partially and can contribute to reducing GHG emissions and the environmental footprint of cement production. This study aims to prepare bio-based pozzolans from East-Indian lemon grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) and poultry litter and to investigate the mechanical properties of concrete through their utilization as SCMs. The optimization process involves central composite design (CCD)-based response surface methodology (RSM) for modelling and statistical analyses using experimental data from the study. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed the model’s significance, with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9956. The individual and synergistic effects of the considered factors on compressive strength were analysed using three-dimensional response surface plot. Based on RSM analysis, concrete prepared by substituting 17.57% of ordinary Portland cement with SCM (which was cured for 25.82 days with a water–cement ratio of 0.54) yielded the optimum compressive, flexural and split tensile strengths of 33.94 ± 0.12, 8.78 ± 0.02 and 3.06 ± 0.02 N/mm2, respectively. Furthermore, the SCM-mixed concrete exhibited enhanced durability properties compared to traditional ones. The findings also demonstrate the robustness of RSM as a significant tool for optimization of concrete performance. Moreover, the characterization results of pyrolytic lemon grass bio-oil (LG-BO) confirm its bioenergy potential, thereby suggesting its diverse utilization in various applications.

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Acknowledgements

The first author gratefully acknowledged the financial grant in the form of National Doctoral Fellowship (NDF), from AICTE, New Delhi, India. Authors would also like to thank Assam Kaziranga University, Jorhat, Assam for providing the facility of Universal Testing Machine and SAIC, Tezpur University for providing other analysis facility.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Energy, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India

    Neelam Bora, Niran Daimary, Mondita Athparia & Rupam Kataki

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Assam Kaziranga University, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India

    M. K. Loganathan

  3. Gyan Vihar School of Engineering and Technology, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, 302017, India

    M. K. Loganathan

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  1. Neelam Bora
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  2. Niran Daimary
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Contributions

Neelam Bora did conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing—original draft. Niran Daimary done resources and formal analysis. Mondita Athparia performed investigation and writing—review & editing. M. K. Loganathan contributed to resources and investigation. Rupam Kataki was involved in visualization, supervision, writing—review & editing, validation, and project administration.

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Correspondence to Rupam Kataki.

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Bora, N., Daimary, N., Athparia, M. et al. Optimization of biogenic supplementary cementitious materials in concrete prepared from East-Indian Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) and poultry litter using response surface methodology. Energ. Ecol. Environ. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-024-00320-0

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