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Influence of avoided biomass decay on a life cycle assessment of oil palm residues-based ethanol

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Abstract

Lignocellulosic (bio)ethanol from oil palm agricultural residue was investigated regarding feedstock availability and environmental impacts while accounting for avoided biomass decay. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out at both pilot- and large-scale plants, from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) collection until ethanol production and use. The primary data were gathered from a pilot plant at Research Center for Chemistry BRIN, Indonesia. Producing bioethanol at a large scale required 59.8% of available feedstock within a 200 km radius, with the need for chemical fertilizer to substitute EFB-based fertilizer to replenish soil nutrients. Global warming potential impacts, evaluated using CML IA Baseline 2016, indicating 8.06 and − 0.14 kg CO2eq/kg would be generated at pilot- and large-scale plants, respectively. Considering the use of ethanol from large scale plant by car, the GWP impact for bioethanol, gasoline, and E5 (blending of 5% ethanol and 95% gasoline) is − 3.07, 84.07 and 81.23 g CO2eq/MJ, respectively. The negative value of such an impact at the large scale indicated that bioethanol would lead to 1.42% and 3.38% reduction of GWP at production phase and E5 use phase, respectively. Some options were investigated to improve the GWP impact and energy profit ratio at the plant level, covering main impact contributors such as energy sources, enzymes, and chemical materials. The consideration of avoided decay may lead to further potential implication for E5 policy, which can contribute to achieving 7.46% of the national GHGs reduction target in the transportation sector. Further research would be recommended, at larger scales, to identify various biomass decay emission profiles as well as spatialized biomass availability while ensuring to maintain soil quality.

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Data availability

Datasets related to this article can be found at Supplementary Files.

Abbreviations

CML:

Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden

EFB:

Empty fruit bunch

FFB:

Fresh fruit bunch

FPU:

Filter paper unit

GHGs:

Greenhouse gases

GWP:

Global warming potential

HHV:

Higher heating value

IEA:

International Energy Agency

IPCC:

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

LCA:

Life cycle assessment

LF:

Load factor

MC:

Moisture content

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

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Acknowledgements

The first author expresses sincere gratitude to the Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP) for funding the scholarship to study doctoral degree program at University of Tsukuba. Reviews from anonymous referees are highly appreciated to improve the quality of manuscripts.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

    Arief Ameir Rahman Setiawan

  2. Research Center for Sustainable Production System and Life Cycle Assessment, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia

    Arief Ameir Rahman Setiawan & Edi Iswanto Wiloso

  3. Research Center for Chemistry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia

    Teuku Beuna Bardant, Muryanto Muryanto, Eka Triwahyuni, Deliana Dahnum, Ary Mauliva Hada Putri, Yan Irawan, Roni Maryana, Yanni Sudiyani & Anny Sulaswatty

  4. Chemical Engineering Department, Pamulang University, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia

    Muryanto Muryanto

  5. Bandoseifu High School, Bando, Ibaraki, Japan

    Riaru Ishizaki

  6. Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

    Tofael Ahamed

  7. Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France

    Cécile Chéron-Bessou

  8. Laboratory of Agricultural Systems Engineering, Division of Environmental Science and Technology, Faculty/Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan

    Ryozo Noguchi

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  1. Arief Ameir Rahman Setiawan
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AARS was involved in the conceptualization, methodology, investigation, and writing; TBB contributed to the resources, data curation, and validation; MM assisted in the resource, data curation, investigation, and editing; ET contributed to the resource and validation; RI was involved in the investigation, validation, and editing; DD contributed to the validation; AMHP curated the data; YI contributed to the resources and validation; RM contributed to the resources and review; YS performed the validation and review; AS contributed to the review; EIW assisted in the methodology, investigation, and supervision; TA contributed to the validation and supervision; CB performed the methodology, review, and validation; RN contributed to the methodology, review, validation, and supervision.

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Correspondence to Ryozo Noguchi.

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Setiawan, A.A.R., Bardant, T.B., Muryanto, M. et al. Influence of avoided biomass decay on a life cycle assessment of oil palm residues-based ethanol. Energ. Ecol. Environ. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-024-00317-9

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